Title: Transporte y Clima
1Transporte y Clima
- Cooperacion entre el Gobierno de Mexico, el DF y
el Banco Mundial - Noviembre 29, 2006
- Walter Vergara, World Bank
2Variaciones en la temperatura de la superficie
del planeta en el hemisferio norte
Houston We have a problem.
- 1000 to 1861, N. Hemisphere, proxy data
- 1861 to 2000 Global, Instrumental
- 2000 to 2100, SRES projections
3Cambio proyectado de temperaturas para el ano
2100 (IPCC 4AR 2007)
Fuente Borrador del Cuarto Informe IPCC
4Clima peligroso
- 0.6 C Blanqueo total de corales en el Caribe
- 0.6 C Antarctica occidental pierde volumen de
hielo - 1.0 C Retroceso catastrofico de glaciares en
los Andes - 1.6 C Perdida irreversble de hielo en
Groenlandia - 2-3 C Sabanizacion de la floresta amazonica
- 4 C Colapso del gradiente termo-halino
- Source Exeter Conference, 2005
5Se proyecta una intensificacion en la fuerza de
huracanes como resultado del aumento de la
temperatura de superficie del mar
Fuente Webster et al, 2006, unpublished data
6Cambio relativo en escorrentias proyectado para
el ano 2050
Fuente P. C. D. Milly1, K. A. Dunne1 A. V.
Vecchia2 Global pattern of trends in streamflow
and water availability in a changing climate. .
Nature Nov 2005
7Disminucion proyectada de lluvias para el final
de siglo.
Perez and Mendez, unpublished data, 2006
8Emisiones globales de gases invernadero
- Country Total Ton/GDP Ton/cap
- (BTA) ton/Mpp
- USA 6.9 720 24.6
- EU-25 4.7 450 10.5
- Germany 1.0 470 12.3
- Japan 1.3 400 10.4
- China 4.9 1020 3.9
- India 1.9 770 1.9
- Mexico 0.5 590 5.2
- Brazil 0.8 680 5.0
- Argentina 0.3 660 8.1
- Total 33.6
-
- Source WRI, 2006
9Emisiones globales de CO2
10Fuente EIA, 2005
11Transporte Participacion creciente en el
problema a nivel global
- Region Growth (90-02) current in CO2 share
of total transp.CO2 - Europe 25 23 18
- US Canada 24 39
- Japan 20 5
- China 101 5
- Latin America 46 6
- Mexico 21 2
- Source IEA, 2005
12Por tanto, la reduccion de emisiones del sector
es clave para enfrentar la crisis
Source TE, 2004
13La senal tecnologica
- A quien seguimos en terminos de
- modelo de transporte urbano,
- tipo de vehiculos y combustibles,
especificaciones y emisiones?
14Transporte elementos de la solucion
- Marco (instituciones, regulaciones, incentivos,
Kyoto) - Combustibles
- Motores y sistemas
- Cambio modal
15Apoyo del Banco a Mexico en el area de Cambio
Climatico
- Apoyo institucional y de manejo de informacion.
- IDF
- Simulador de la Tierra
- Analisis de impactos de huracanes
- Apoyo a la aplicacion del protocolo de Kioto y
programas operacionales del GEF. - Apoyo en el area de adaptacion.
16Apoyo del Banco al DF en asuntos de transporte y
clima
- GEF Introduction of Climate Friendly Measures in
Transport GEF (OP11) US5.8M, total funding
US12.2M (US1.0 M from EMBARQ) - PHRD BRT Design
- World Bank PHRD US1.2M
- CETF Provide external peer reviews for
formulation of tools for CF and review of field
test CETF US0.25M - Transport Corridors Project
- World Bank Spanish Carbon Fund Purchase of
emission reductions
17Proyecto GEF de transporte y clima (aprobado en
2002)
- 1. Armonizacion de estrategias en calidad del
aire, clima y transporte - 2. Apoyo al desarrollo de un marco regulatorio
institucional - 3. Prueba de campo para vehiculos de alta
capacidad - 4. Asistencia tecnica y entrenamiento
- 5. Diseminacion
18Armonizacion de politicas
- First Latin American City to formulate a climate
action plan, including measures that deal with - Urban planning
- Air quality
- Transport
- To be released at SBSTA 25 in Bonn, May 2007
19Enabling environment for Corridors (removal of
barriers)
- Design of the institutional framework for
management and operation of the corridor - Design of the business structure
- Reform of local regulations
- Engineering of the infrastructure
- Basic design
- EIA
- Social assessment
20Field test of advanced bus technologies
- Real time measurements of environmental and
financial advantages - Dynamometer and on board measurements
- Provision of CNG and low sulfur fuels
- Participants Ecomex, Allison Drives,
Electra-Bus, Pemex, Volvo, Scania, MB, Faw, Ankai
21(No Transcript)
22 some results
- Measured PM emissions from all of the natural gas
fueled buses and from the natural gas, dual-fuel
were extremely low - The natural gas buses exhibited the lowest NOx
emissions - The series drive hybrid bus exhibited the lowest
GHG emissions per passenger-km (30 lower) - CNG vehicles had lower GHG emissions than diesel
- Hybrid series bus exhibited the second-lowest NOx
emission
23Hybrid drives (better energy efficiency, low GHG)
- Parallel hybrid drive (Allison, US-Canada)
- Series hybrid drive (Eletrabus, Brazil)
24CNG vehicles lower PMs, HMWHCs, NOx emissions,
better GHG emissions than diesel
- CNG standard (Ankai, China)
- CNG articulates (Faw, China)
25Mexico Transport Corridors (Carbon finance-CDCF,
for sale of CERs)
- Operation of Corridors will result in GHG
emission reductions - Modal shift
- Improve energy efficiency of vehicles
- Lower congestion
- Measuring emissions require combination of
measurements and surveys - Credibility is an issue (solid statistical
design) - Costs of monitoring have to be kept low
26Como se reducen las emisiones de GHG en Metrobus?
- by replacing old inefficient technology with
modern more fuel efficient, high capacity
technology - by improving the flow of vehicles along a
corridor, its feeder routes or other corridors
within an urban area (through a decrease in
travel time for a given distance) - through modal switch from cars and small buses to
mass-transit
27Metrobus in operation
- Besides normal operation,
- it is supported through a
- careful monitoring system.
- ER revenues are used to
- Support
- bicycle connectivity
- accounting of ERs
- Metrobus Master-Plan
28Que sigue?
- Expand BRT-Metrobus to other avenues in Mexico
City (including the first hybrid-dedicated BRT,
worldwide) - Support commercialization of advanced bus
technologies CNG-Hybrid - Support improvements in fuel specifications and
emission standards - Continue to bring Kyoto protocol resources to
support BRTs
29Como puede ayudar el Banco Mundial
- Mercado de reduccion de emisiones. El Banco tiene
7 fondos con un capital de Euros 1,300 millones
para compra de reduccion de emisiones - Adaptacion a cambio climatico. Dos nuevos fondos
para apoyar la implementacion de medidas
especificas de adaptacion - Apoyo a la investigacion y conocimiento con un
nuevo instrumento (CCIG) - Apoyo a la deforestacion evitada, bajo una
iniciativa piloto.