Potential Occurrences of Foreign Animal Diseases in Wildlife

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Potential Occurrences of Foreign Animal Diseases
in Wildlife

• Angie Dement
• Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine
• Texas AgriLife Extension Service
• Texas AM System
• College Station, TX 77843
• http//aevm.tamu.edu

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U.S. Threatened by Potential Occurrences of FEAD

• Foreign Animal Diseases
• Not currently present in U.S.
• Accidental, intentional (bioterrorism) risks for
  entry
• Emerging Animal Diseases
• A new disease or a new form of an old disease
• Natural, accidental or intentional risks of
  emergence
• Commerce, mutation, environmental reasons

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Types of Occurrences

• Natural
• Accidental
• Intentional (Bioterrorist Act)

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Devastating Effectsof Animal Diseases

• Economic impacts
• Sociologic impacts
• Emotional impacts
• Political impacts

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First Line of Defense

• Biosecurity
• Livestock owners
• Early detection and reporting

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• Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
• 1-800-550-8242
• 24 hours a day, 7 days a week

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Foot and Mouth Disease
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• Highly contagious virus
• Spreads rapidly
• People not affected
• Devastating
• Emotionally
• Economically
• Sociologically
• Politically

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• Susceptible domestic and wildcloven-hoofed
  livestock
• Cattle
• Sheep
• Goats
• Domestic and feral swine
• Deer
• Llamas

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• Transmission
• Aerosol
• wind
• Mechanical
• people, vehicles, animals
• Biological
• movement of infected animals
• uncooked or undercooked meat products

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• If an outbreak occurs Big and Bad
• Restrictions
• Quarantines
• Eradication (Depopulation)
• Slaughter of animals
• Proper disposal

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• FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britain
• Delayed response
• 10,472 farms depopulated
• 4 million destroyed to stop disease
• 2.5 million humanely slaughtered
• Over 13 billion

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• Increased risks for entry
• Travelers
• Meat products
• Garbage
• Bioterrorist

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Mad Cow Disease
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• Not contagious
• Reduced risks of entry and spread
• USDA regulations
• Feed bans
• Slaughter bans
• Import bans

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Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)

• Also known as Hog Cholera
• Affects swine and javelina
• Reportable
• Viral disease
• Eradicated from the U.S. in 1978

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• Routes of exit
• Semen
• Blood
• Saliva
• Feces
• Meat
• Routes of entry
• Ingestion
• Mucous membranes
• Broken skin
• In-utero

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• Acute form
• Fever
• Lethargic
• Off feed
• Purplish discoloration of skin
• Ears
• Legs
• Abdomen
• Death in 10-21 days
• 100 mortality in piglets

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• Chronic form
• Unpredictable appetite
• Fever
• Diarrhea for up to 1 month
• Secondary pneumonia
• May recover only to relapse and die
• Recovery possible
• 30-70 mortality

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• Prenatal form
• Sows
• Transient fever
• Loss of appetite
• Piglets
• Persistently infected
• 100 mortality
• Death in 6-12 months
• Mummified fetuses
• Stillbirths

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• Fences to separate domestic and feral pigs
• Properly cook waste food before feeding to pigs
• Quarantine new pigs for at least 30 days
• Maintain good biosecurity practices

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Anthrax

• Reportable
• Bacterial disease
• Worldwide distribution
• Endemic to U.S.
• triangle of Uvalde, Ozona, Eagle Pass, TX
• Affects numerous animal species
• Primarily domestic and wild livestock
• Zoonotic

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• Bacterium - Bacillus anthracis
• vegetative bacteria in animal
• spore bacteria in environment

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• Vegetative bacteria leave dead animal via
  hemorrhagic exudates
• mouth, nose, anus and vulva
• contain large numbers of bacteria
• Spores contaminate soil
• spores remain viable for decades

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• Incubation period is 1-20 days
• Infections apparent after 3-7 days

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Diagnosis

• Ruminants
• Sudden death
• Staggering
• Trembling
• Dyspnea
• Fever

• Respiratory distress
• Convulsions
• Abortions
• Bloody discharge
• FATAL

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• Pigs
• Sudden death
• Mild, chronic infections
• Fever
• Swelling
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Usually recover

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• Dead animals
• Sudden death blood poisoning
• Rigor mortis absent
• Rapid decomposition extreme bloat
• Dark blood
• Enlarged spleen
• Non-clotting blood
• People
• Wound infections carbuncles

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• Burn carcass and bedding
• Dont open carcass
• spores will not develop without oxygen
• bacteria will decompose within a few days
• Vaccination of herd required
• Quarantine of herd required for 10 daysafter
  vaccination

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Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)

• Endemic
• Viral
• Reportable
• Wide spread in white-tail deer
• Not contagious
• No vaccine

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• Incubation period 5-10 days
• Viremic for 2 mos
• Biological transmission
• Biting midges
• Some gnats
• Some mosquitoes

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• 3 Forms
• Peracute
• Fever, anorexia, respiratory distress, swelling
  of tongue and conjunctiva, and die rapidly (8-36
  hours)
• Acute
• Extensive hemorrhages, salivation, nasal
  discharge, ulcers and high mortality
• Chronic
• Lameness (crawling on knees), ulcers, emaciation,
  but do recover

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• Cases found in late summer early autumn
• Usually dies down with first good cold front

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Biosecurity

• For all diseases implement and maintain
  biosecurity practices

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Questions?