Title: Detector Working Group Summary
1Detector Working Group Summary
- Alan Bross
- International Scoping Study of a Neutrino Factory
Super-beam Facility - CERN, September 22-25, 2005
2ISS Charge to the Detector Group
- Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection
systems with a view to defining a baseline set of
detection systems to be taken forward in a
subsequent conceptual-design phase. - Provide a research-and-development program
required to deliver the baseline design. - Funding request for three years of detector RD
2007-2010 - Some difficult choices will have to be made in
order to most efficiently utilize the RD
resources that might become available
3Detector WG Goals For This Meeting
- Agree on the working subgroups
- Identify one person who will coordinate the
activities of each W-subgroup - Make a preliminary definition of the tasks for
the next meeting - Begin a list of questions to the physics group
- Prepare a mailing list for the group
- Dont let anyone get away
4Detector Working Groups
- Water Cerenkov Detectors
- Kenji Kaneyuki
- Liquid Argon TPC
- TBD
- Magnetic Sampling Detectors
- Jeff Nelson
- Emulsion Detectors
- Pasquale Migliozzi
- Near Detectors
- Paul Soler
5Detector Concepts
- A quick review of existing, planned and
forward-looking concepts for neutrino detectors
yields an enormous number of exciting potential
options for future neutrino experiments of all
kinds - Question How do we proceed in order to answer
the ISS charge regarding the detectors? - The many technology choices coupled with the a
host of physics issues and an equally varied set
of technology choices for the accelerator complex
yields what at first glance presents a rather
complex phase space of options - However a recent BBC documentary helped me see
how we might proceed. - One minute of it.
6A Difficult Task
7Detector Reach
- Yesterday Mauro showed
- However, the validity of this table depends on
what you actual believe about the reality
Technical-Extrapolation Cost/performance of the
various detector technologies - This is what we must understand in detail
- So I will give a quick review of our discussions
8Magnetic Sampling Detectors
- For b Beam scenarios the Magnetic can be dropped
9Large Magnetic Calorimeters
in a Nufact
Anselmo Cervera Villanueva
University of Geneva (Switzerland)
Scoping study (CERN, 22/9/2005)
10Overview
- Wrong-sign muon analysis
- Detector requirements
- The Monolith and LMD detectors
- Ingredients
- Muon identification
- Charge reconstruction
- Hadronic backgrounds
- Sensitivity to q13
- Improvements to be considered
- Questions
11Golden signature wrong sign muons
detector
50
50
Backgrounds
not detected
Charge misidentification
Hadron decay
CC
in the final state
charge misidentified
no other lepton
NC
12Detector requirements
- Large statistics Large mass 40 KTons
- Muon identification from range
- Charge identification B1 Tesla
- Kinematic quantities (for background rejection)
- From the muon 3-momentum
- Hadron shower energy and angle
m
nm
qhad
Ehad
- Reasonable number of spatial measurements every
5-10 cm - Reasonable transverse resolution 1 cm
13Existing studies
Monolith
LMD
A. Cervera F. Dydak J.J. Gomez-Cadenas
M. Selvi M. Garbini H. Menghetti
- Fast simulation and reconstruction based on MINOS
smearing - Muon identification
- Charge identification
- Study of background rejection power and
efficiencies - Variation of smearing parameters
- Full simulation and reconstruction
- Careful study of the hadronic angular
resolution, including test beam - Charge identification
14The MONOLITH Detector
- Monolith was invented for the detection of
atmospheric neutrinos - Horizontal measurement planes parallel to
neutrino beam direction - A test beam was carried out with perpendicular
planes
Large mass 35
kton Magnetized Fe spectrometer B 1.3 Tesla
(toroidal) Space resolution 1
cm (3cm pitch in x and y) Time resolution
1 ns (for up/down
discrimination in atmospherics) Momentum
resolution (dp/p) 20 from track
curvature for outgoing muons
6 from range for
stopping muons Hadron E resolution (dEh /Eh)
90/?Eh? 30
Glass Spark Counters (RPCs with glass electrodes
B
B
14.5 m
13.1 m
Fe
n beam
2.2 cm
Fe
8 cm
30 m
15The Large Magnetic Detector
Simulation
20 m
8xMINOS (5.4 KT)
20 m
n beam
20 m
40KT
B1 T
iron (4 cm)
scintillators (1cm)
1cm transverse resolution
- Geant3 simulation
- Multiple scattering and energy loss
- Decays
- Nuclear interactions
- Full reconstruction is not practical since one
has to simulate 107 events for each setting - Smearing according to the MINOS proposal
16Ideal detector
- Longitudinal segmentation
- Large density of measurement planes needed for
charge identification - At least 1 every 5 cm 10-5 effect for pgt2.5 GeV
- This could be improved either with a stronger B
field (default 1T) or with iron free regions - Transverse resolution
- Not important for the charge (dominated by ms)
- Important for rejection of right-sign-muons from
D decays - At least 1 cm transverse resolution
- Hadronic angular resolution
- Depends on the previous parameters
- 5cm and 1cm respectively gives better resolution
that the one assumed by LMD, as demonstrated by
the Monolith test-beam. - This would reduce by a factor of 3 the hadronic
backgrounds obtained in the LMD study. - Hadron energy resolution
- Depends on longitudinal segmentation mainly.
- This is important for the reconstruction of the
neutrino energy - The shape of the ws-muon spectrum as a function
of the neutrino energy is crucial for a
simultaneous measurement of q13 and dcp - The neutrino energy resolution has not being
studied yet
17Iron free regions ?
- A muon of 1 GeV will traverse at least 1
iron-free module - One has to design the detector such that the muon
traverses at least one iron-free module after the
extinction of the hadronic shower, to facilitate
pattern recognition. - The measurement of the momentum and the charge is
considerably improved in the iron-free region. - One can probably reduce the number of active
planes in the iron region - Less hadronic energy/angle resolution. Find a
compromise.
1m
Iron (4cm) active (1cm)
air active (1cm)
muon
hadron shower
This full structure is repeated
18Questions
- Is it possible to have a longitudinal
segmentation better than 5 cm at a reasonable
cost ? - Is it possible to have a magnetic field stronger
than 1 tesla in such a large structure? - What is the best scheme for producing the
magnetic field ? - Would it be enough to have a magnetic field in
the iron-free regions ? - What is the impact of the iron-free regions in
the development of the hadronic shower ? - I havent thought much about that, but if we are
interested in low energy neutrinos, is still
50GeV/c the preferred momentum for the stored
muons?
19Summary
- There are many questions to be addressed
- The current knowledge is a good starting point
for future studies - Simulations
- Sensitivity for other detector configurations
with the new physics requirements - Revisit the different strategies taking into
account the existence of degeneracies and the
possibility of combining several baselines and
golden-silver channels - Hardware tests
- Study the detector resolution with small
prototypes. - Tests with magnetic fields
- Cost estimates
20 INDIA-BASED NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY (INO) STATUS
REPORT
Naba K Mondal Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research Mumbai, India
NUFACT Scoping Study Meeting at CERN, 22-24
September, 2005
21India-based Neutrino Observatory initiative
Goal A large mass detector with charge
identification capability
R D and Construction Phase I Physics
studies, Detector R D, Site survey, Human
resource development Phase II Construction of
the detector
Operation of the Detector Phase I Physics with
Atmospheric Neutrinos Phase II Physics with
Neutrino beam from a factory
22Physics with Neutrino beam from NUFACT Phase II
- Determination of q13
- Sign of Dm223
- Probing CP violation in leptonic sector
- Matter effect in nm ? nt oscillation
23Role of Phase I as a test detector for the
factory era
- Currently we only have experience of running
magnetised iron detector of up to 5 kton. No
experience of running a large mass magnetised
detector. - So during phase I of the operation of the INO
detector while we do interesting physics using
atmospheric neutrinos, it can also be used as a
test detector for the factory era and to improve
upon it . - The modular nature of this detector can even
allow us to try out more than one options for the
active elements like RPC, scintillators - While we have a supporting funding agency in
India we need international support and
collaboration to achieve this.
24- A Magnetic Tracking Calorimeter for a Neutrino
Factory - Ideas Issues - Jeff Nelson
- William Mary
- Williamsburg, Virginia
- 1st Meeting, Detector Working Group
International Neutrino Factory Super-beam
Scoping Study  - CERN
- 22, September 2005
25Outline
- Preamble
- Some history
- Studies of sampling trackers for super beams
- Reminder comments from my nufact05 talk
- Making a large device
- Ideas from MINOS, NOvA MINERvA
- A concept I think we can build as a starting
point - Thoughts for moving forward
26What Should It be Able to Do?
- Goal map the oscillations down to the 2nd dip
- Down to 2 GeV neutrinos
- Want to get
- Good muon charge ID
- Good hadronic calorimetry for neutrino energy
- Harder as Ehad goes down
- Can get
- Good electron counting (without charge ID)
- Is this useful?
- What resolution is useful?
- Can we get do tau ID/counting like NOMAD?
- How pure is useful?
27Making a Bigger Torus
- FEA by R. Wands (Fermilab) J.K. Nelson
- No inherent limitations in current
- I 40kA (r/10m)
- Recall MINOS ND is 40kA
- Perfectly feasible
28Readout Options
- RPC vs Solid Scintillator
- Costs are indiscernible
- NOvA 11/03 proposal appendix PAC presentation
from 11/03 (next slide) - Solid vs Liquid
- Active components 33 cheaper for liquid
2950kt NOvA Sampling Detector
The sampling design had 400m2 and 1000 samples
Not fully loaded costs only to show relative
scaling Use absolute costs from NOvA Proposal
(summary in a later slide)
Solid PMT Solid APD Liquid APD
Scintillator 22.3 27.3 14.2
optical fibers 12.0 12.0 12.0
Scintillator Assembly 25.7 21.4 13.5
Photodetector 7.5 1.7 1.7
Electronics (not DAQ) 15.3 8.4 8.4
Sum 82.8 70.8 49.8
(M)
30MINOS has too much light( works too hard to get
it!)
- APDs vs PMTs
- Cost dramatically lower per channel
- 8 quantum efficiency of a M16/M64 PMT
- APD relaxes the light yield requirements
- Allows longer cells
- Allows smaller fibers
31NOvA Far Detector
- Liquid scintillator cells
- 1984 planes of cells
- Cell walls
- Extruded rigid PVC
- 3 mm outer 2 mm inner
- Readout
- U-shaped 0.8 mm WLS fiber
- Acts like a prefect mirror
- APDs (80 QE)
0.8 mm looped fiber
15.7 m
32MINERvA Optics (Pioneered by DØ Preshower)
Particle
- Significantly enhance position resolution for
wider strips - Could make the same cell geometry for liquid
cells too
33A Strawman Concept for a Nufact Iron Tracker
Detector
- 15m diameter polygon
- 4 piece laminate
- Can be thin if planes interconnected
- e.g. down to 1cm
- Idea from 1st NOVA Proposal
- 60kA-turn central coil
- 0.5m x 0.5m
- Average field of 1.5T
- Extrapolation of MINOS
- Triangular liquid scintillator cells
- Structure based on NOvA using MINERvA-like shapes
- 4cm x 6cm cells (starting point)
- 3mm thick PVC walls
- Looped WLS fibers APDs
- A sample would look like
- 1 cm Fe
- 0.7 cm PVC
- 3.3 cm LS
- 2/3rds Fe ? 2
- Based on 175M for 90kt
34Summary
- Detector is feasible
- Large area toroidal fields can by directly
extrapolated from MINOS design - Can now make an affordable large are scintillator
readout with NOvA APD technology - Enhanced position resolution with MINERvA-like
triangles - Costs are all from 2004/2005
- Optimize sampling to get lower tracking threshold
for charge ID - Would also give good electron counting
- Come up with parameterization of resolutions,
efficiency/fake rate, costs for optimization
35A Magnetized Nova
Leslie Camillieri
- Basically the NOvA detector.
- Planes of plastic tubes filled with liquid
scintillator. - Fully active Good for electron
identification - Total mass 30 kilotons. 150m long, 15.7m x
15.7 m. - Surrounded by coils providing a magnetic field.
- Use the ATLAS toroid coils as examples.
- The advantage over a magnetic iron detector is
that it also gives us a handle on the momentum
and charge of the hadrons as well as those of the
muons. - NOMAD was a successful magnetic detector that
used this principle. -
36Detector concept End view
Leslie Camillieri
Return yoke
Nova-Like Detector
Coil
Coil
37Detector concept Side view
10 coils per side
38More details
- ATLAS has 8 rectangular coils each 25m x 5m.
Superconducting. - 120 turns per coil
- 20.5 kA
- Field at centre 0.41 T
- Cost is 75 MCHF
- NOvA is 15m high, so letss modify the coil to
15m x 15m ? same circumference - NOvA is 150m long, so we would need 10 coils on
either side ? 20 coils - We dont need such a big field for the charge
drop it to 0.15T. - Reduce the number of turns/coil.
- Does the decrease in number of turns compensate
the increase in number of coils? - Do we need a superconducting setup?
- With such a small field and with iron saturating
at about 1.8T, the cross section of the - return yoke need only be 25m x (15m x
0.15/1.8) 25m x 0.75m per coil pair
39Performance
- Each tube 15.7m long, 3.8cm transverse to the
beam, 6cm along the beam. - Precision per coordinate 3.8 / (12)1/2 1.2 cm.
- Track length given by muon range, but taken to be
maximum of 50m.
Momentum(GeV/c) Range(m) Curvature(1/R) m-1 Stand. dev
2 10.4 0.06 5.6
6 29.7 0.02 10.0
10 48.2 0.012 13.0
20 92.6 0.006 13.0
30 135.7 0.004 13.0
50 219.2 0.0024 13.0
40Liquid Argon TPC
41Giant Liquid Argon Charge Imaging Experiment
A. Rubbia
42LAr Physics Reach
43Glacier
44Glacier with Magnet
45Magnetized LAr TPC Tests
46Future Magnetized LAr Prototype
47US LAr TPC RD
48US LAr Collaboration
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52Water Cerenkov
53Water Cerenkov
Jean-Eric Campagne
- Major Issues
- Extremely Large Detectors
- Excavation/Cavern issues
- Photodetector
- How can you cover such large area
- Production Issues
- Hand-blown tubes still
- Magnetized WC has been mentioned, but no serious
scenarios exits at present and extrapolation to
future is difficult
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58Hybrid Emulsion Detectors
59Hybrid emulsion detector for the neutrino factory
- Giovanni De Lellis
- University of NaplesFederico II
- Recall the physics case
- The detector technology
- Future prospects
60Recalling the physics case
- Study the CP violation in the leptonic sector ?e
? ?µ the most sensitive (golden) channel - In the (?13,?) measurement, ambiguities arise
- Intrinsic degeneracy Nucl. Phys. B608 (2001)
301 - ?m2 sign degeneracy JHEP 0110 (2001) 1
- ?23, ?/2 -?23 symmetry Phys. Rev. D65 073023
(2002) - The silver channel (?e ? ?? and ? ? µ) is one
way of solving the intrinsic degeneracy at the
neutrino factory - A. Donini et al., Nucl. Phys. B646 (2002) 321.
- An hybrid emulsion detector is considered
- D. Autiero et al., Euro. Phys. J. C33 (2004) 243
61Golden and silver channels
ambiguities
Solving the ambiguities
62A hybrid emulsion detector
- Target based on the Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC)
concept - Emulsion films (trackers) interleaved by lead
plates (passive) - At the same time capable of large mass (kton)
and high spatial resolution (lt1mm) in a modular
structure
The basic unit the  brickÂ
- ECC topological and kinematical measurements
- Neutrino interaction vertex and decay topology
- reconstruction
- Measurement of hadron momenta by Multiple
scattering - dE/dx for ?/µ separation at the end of their
range - Electron identification and energy measurement
- Visual inspection at microscope replaced
- by kinematical measurements in emulsion
10.2 x 12.7 x 7.5 cm3
ECC technique successfully used in cosmic rays
(X-particle discovery in 1971) and by DONUT for
the ?? direct observation
8 GeV
63Electronic detector task
- trigger and location of neutrino interactions
- muon identification and momentum/charge
measurement
ECC emulsion analysis Vertex, decay kink e/g
ID, multiple scattering, kinematics
Electronic detectors
Target Trackers Pb/Em. target
Spectrometer
supermodule
Link to muon ID, Candidate event
Pb/Em. brick
Basic cell
Pb
1 mm
Emulsion
Extract selected brick Â
Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p
?p/p lt 20
64Emulsion Detector for Future Neutrino Research
Possibility of the Technology
- NAKAMURA M.
- (NAGOYA Univ.)
65OPERA ECC Brick
8kg Portable Unit for 210kton detectors
66Particle ID by dE/dx Measurement
KEK Beam Test Preliminary
dE/dx (MeVcm2/g)
P
K
p
e
P andp
Momentum(GeV/c)
Using 5 6 films. VPH, measured by the system,
is propotional to dE/dX. Error bar is 1sof the
distribution. At 2 GeV/c , proton and pion
are not separated in 5 or 6 OPERA films. VPH of
proton below 0.6GeV/c is saturated.
67Electron energy measurement
Test exp. _at_ CERN
MC
Data
Energy determination by calorimetric method ( in
study)
_at_ a few GeV
68Emulsion in Magnetic Field
- Charge Sign determination
- increase sensitivity
- increase BG-rejection power
- o scanning load (mention later)
- o cost??
- We have experience
- in CHORUS/ET(Emulsion Tracker)
69Structure for MC study
DONUT/OPERA type target Emulsion spectrometer
mu
B
Air Gap
Stainless steel or Lead
Film
3Xo 10Xo
Assumption accuracy of film by film alignment
10 micron
(conservative). (Ex. 20mm gap structure gives
0.5mrad angular resolution.)
70Charge determination (0.5T) MC
gt30mm Gap
20mm Gap
10mm Gap
71Evolution of the Scanning Power
CHORUS
DONUT
OPERA
Our code name (device technology)
72Expected evolution of the Scanning Power in near
future
- Enlarge a Field of View (1.25)2
- reduce objective mag. 50 -gt 40
- Speed up Image data taking 4
- Ultra High Speed Camera 3kfps-gt12kfps.
-
- 400cm2/hours/system.
- (1m2/day/system)
73How many events?
- Scanning Power
- 1 m2/day/system 100events/day/system
- ( OPERA like ECC
1event/brick 100cm2/event) - 25,000events/year/
system - Normally one lab has 10 system
- 250,000
events/year/lab.
Events in Neutrino Factory 160,000
events/kton (L3000km,1021mu decays)
74Near Detector Issues
75Preliminary Ideas for a Near Detector at a
Neutrino Factory
Neutrino Factory Scoping Study Meeting 23
September 2005 Paul Soler University of
Glasgow/RAL
761. Near detector aims
- Long baseline neutrino oscillation systematics
- Flux control and measurement for the long
baseline search. - Neutrino beam angle and divergence
- Beam energy and spread
- Control of muon polarization
- Near detector neutrino physics
- Cross-section measurements DIS, QES, RES
scattering - sin2?W - ?sin2?W 0.0001
- Parton Distribution Functions, nuclear shadowing
- ?S from xF3 - ??S0.003
- Charm production Vcd and Vcs, D0/ D0 mixing
- Polarised structure functions
- L polarization
- Beyond SM searches
General Purpose Detector(s)!!
77 2. Flux normalisation (cont.)
- Neutrino beams from decay of muons
Polarisation dependence
Need to measure polarization!!
Pm1 gone!
Spectra at Production (e.g. 50 GeV)
Number CC interactions
78 2. Flux normalisation (cont.)
- Rates
- Em 50 GeV
- L 100 m, d 30 m
- Muon decays per year 1020
- Divergence 0.1 mm/Em
- Radius R50 cm
E.g. at 25 GeV, number neutrino interactions per
year is 20 x 106 in 100 g per cm2 area.
High granularity in inner region that subtends
to far detector.
Yearly event rates
79 7. Near detector technologies
- High granularity in inner region that subtends to
far detector. - Very good spatial resolution charm detection
- Low Z, large Xo
- Electron ID
- Does the detector have to be of same/similar
technology as far detector?
- Possibilities
- silicon or fibre tracker in a magnet with
calorimetry, electron and muon ID (eg.
NOMAD-STAR??) - Liquid argon calorimeter
- Does not need to be very big (eg. R50-100 cm)
80 7.1 Vertex detector with spectrometer
- RD in NOMAD for short baseline nt detector based
on silicon - NOMAD-STAR
- Does not need to be very big (eg. R50-100 cm)
81Why do we believe that the neutrino fluxes can
be determined to - 10-3 at a Neutrino
Factory? Alain Blondel
Flux Control and Resulting Constraints on the
Decay Ring Design
source M. Apollonio et al, OSCILLATION PHYSICS
WITH A NEUTRINO FACTORY arXivhep-ph/0210192 v1
13 Oct 2002
82Muon Polarization
muon polarization is too small to be very useful
for physics (AB, Campanelli) but it must be
monitored. In addition it is precious for energy
calibration (RajaTollestrup, AB)
a muon polarimeter would perform the momentum
analysis of the decay electrons at the end of a
straight section. Because of parity violation in
muon decay the ratio of high energy to low
energy electrons is a good polarization monitor.
83muon polarization
here is the ratio of positons with E in
0.6-0.8 Em to number of muons in the ring. ?
There is no RF in the ring. spin precession and
depolarization are clearly visible This is the
Fourier Transform of the muon energy
spectrum (AB) amplitudegt polarization frequency
gt energy decay gt energy spread.
?DE/E and sE/E to 10-6 ?polarization to a few
percent.
Raja Tollestrup, AB
84 Conclusions I
Main parameters to
MONITOR 1. Total number of muons circulating
in the ring, BCT, near
detector for purely leptonic processes 2. muon
beam polarisation,
polarimeter 3. muon beam energy and energy
spread, race-track or
triangle. NO BOW-TIE!
polarimeter 4. muon beam angle and angular
divergence. straight section
design beam divergence
monitors e.g. Cerenkov 5. Theory of m decay,
including radiative effects OK Yes, we believe
that the neutrino flux can be monitored to 10-3
IF design of accelerator foresees
sufficient diagnostics. quite a lot of
work to do to design and simulate these
diagnostics.
85 Conclusions II and the Beta-beam?
Main parameters to MONITOR 1. Total number of
ions circulating in the ring,
BCT, near detector for purely leptonic
processes there is no inverse muon decay, must
rely on neutral current. Some model dependence?
2. ion beam polarisation, NO they are spin 0!?
no problem 3. ion beam energy and energy
spread, no polarization -- need
magnetic field measurement.
precision required a few 10-4 (evt. rate goes
like E3) 4. ion beam angle and angular
divergence. beam divergence
monitor e.g. Cerenkov ?? 5. Theory of ion
decay, including radiative effects
To be done neutrino flux can probably
be monitored to a few 10-3 somewhat
more difficult than for muons, but not
impossible. provided design of
accelerator foresees sufficient diagnostics.
quite a lot of work to do to design and
simulate these diagnostics and near detector
86Underlying Detector Technology EffortsPlastic
Scintillator Anna Pla
- Plastic Scintillator extrusion facility at
Fermilab - Lost-cost scintillator
- Extrapolations to 5-10X the size of MINOS possible
87Underlying Detector Technology EffortsHybrid
Photodetector Christian Joram
88A half-scale prototype
208 mm (8-inch)
Al coating 2 rings
Development in collaboration with Photonis-DEP,
C. Fontaine et al.
89Principle of neutrino detection by Cherenkov
effect in C2GT (CERN To Gulf of Taranto)
A. Ball et al., C2GT, Memorandum,
CERN-SPSC-2004-025, SPSC-M-723 A. Ball et al.,
Proc. of the RICH2004 conference, subm. to NIM A
The wall is made of 600 mechanical modules (10 x
10 m2), each carrying 49 optical modules.
(En below threshold for t production)
Cherenkov light
ne, nm, nt
e, m
42
CC reactions in H2O
Cherenkov light
10 m
50 m
segmented photosensitive wall about 250 250
m2 Fiducial detector volume 1.5 Mt
90Back to Detector WG Goals
- Tasks
- Understand in detail the detection efficiency,
sign determination capability, and background
discrimination for - Muons
- Electrons
- Taus
- And this should include data in bins of neutrino
and lepton E - We will have to define a framework for all to
follow - Quantify the detectors
- NC/CC discrimination
- Hadronic energy resolution
- Setup GLOBE files each of the detector
technologies - Allow credible extrapolation of the feasible
detector performance - First Iteration on cost
- To allow Honest (equal-footing) performance
comparisons - Request to the theorists
- Review the issue of interactions on nuclei
91Conclusions
- So as you have seen, there is a rich body of work
to draw upon for future neutrino detectors. - How to limit the scope for detailed RD leading
to a conceptual design for 1 or 2 detectors will
be an iterative process and will require input
(Direction!) from the Physics and Accelerator
Facility WGs, an open mind and tremendous
discipline. - We should not be afraid to investigate aggressive
approaches to technologies, but must remain
Earth Bound - A focused Detector RD based on this type of
optimization study will have an enormously large
impact on future neutrino experiments regardless
of whether they are at a Neutrino Factory, bBeam
Facility, Super Beam, or even a Not-So Super Beam - Likely to even extend beyond Neutrino Physics
Experimental Astrophysics, for example. - A good time is likely to be had by All