Cultural Differences, part 2

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10 5 06

• Cultural Differences, part 2
• 1. Markus Kitayama clip
• Other West/East differences
• 2. Kim Markus (1999) preferences for unique or
  common objects
• 3. Ji et al. (2001) ideas about change
• 4. Suh (2002) self-consistency across cultures

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Short Film Clip

• Markus (Caucasian woman) and Kitayama (Asian man)
• Talking about ___________________
• How many of them can be thought of in terms of
• ______________ self view Western
• ______________ self view Eastern

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Cultural Differences

• Evaluations by culture
• Western Eastern
• just the way you want it _______________
• what your parents want _______________
• conformity _______________

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Coffee order in San Francisco
• Decaffeinated
• Cappuccino
• With non-fat milk
• Same coffee order in Seoul, Korea
• Regular coffee, please

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Violating _______________
• Genius, creativity, independence in West
• Deviance, problematic behavior, willful
  disposition in East
• Conformity
• _________ connotation in West
• _________ connotation in East

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• _________
• Pressure, coercion, irrational in West
• Harmony, collective wisdom, rational behavior in
  East

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 1
• 52 Caucasian Americans
• 31 Chinese Americans
• Figure preference test
• Rank order pieces of larger whole
• Most favorite
• To least favorite

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 1

Unique figure Caucasian _______ Asian _______
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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 2
• 38 Stanford students
• 38 Koreans from Seoul University, Korea

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 2

Unique figure Caucasian _______ Asian
_________
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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 3
• SF airport
• 27 Caucasian Americans
• 29 East Asians
• Quick survey
• As a reward
• __________
• __________
• Both by same company, both with black ink

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 3
• Manipulation
• 5 pens
• One color was always a minority (e.g., green)
• The other a majority (e.g., orange)
• Dv ____________________
• Unique pen chosen
• Caucasians _______ of time
• Asians ______ of time

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Study 4
• Popular magazines
• Took ___________
• Are they appealing to (?)
• ______________ (freedom of vodka)
• Or ____________ (7 of 10 people use this
  product)

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)
uniqueness

• Study 4

conformity
ads
______________________________
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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Conclusions
• 1. Ads both propagate and reflect cultural values
• America ______________
• Korea ____________
• 2. Similarly, behaviors both propagate and
  reflect cultural values
• Study 3 pens
• Caucasians __________ pens preferred
• Asians more __________ pens preferred

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Being Unique or Being Deviant? (Kim, Markus, 1999)

• Conclusions
• 3. Choices
• We think they are our own preferences (shapes,
  pens)
• But shaped by _____________________
• Ordering a cup of coffee
• Not just an act of preference
• Also a statement of cultural values

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Chinese story
• What is good turns out to be ______________
• E.g., long-lost horse returns with another one
  too
• However, son tries to ride the wild horse and
  breaks his leg
• What is bad turns out to be ______________
• E.g., son breaks leg
• Therefore eludes draft of all able-bodied men
• Life is always ______________
• Therefore, hard to say how _______________

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Philosophy
• Relation between _________________
• Yin and yang are forces of universe
• They ___________ each other
• Lots of yin creates lots of yang so things are
  always in balance

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Philosophy
• ___________ Book of Change, from 8th Cent. BC,
  China
• For misery, happiness is leaning against it.
• For happiness, misery is hiding in it
• Lots of one thing (e.g., _____________)
• Creates counterforce in favor of seeming opposite
  thing (e.g., ______________)

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• ____________
• Principle of ___________________
• Encompasses everything
• To shrink something
• You need to expand it first
• To weaken something
• You need to strengthen it first
• And so on

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Western tradition
• Time is _______________________
• It never goes backward
• Westerners tend to be oriented to the future

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Study 1 ___________________
• E.g., Lucia and Jeff have been dating for 2
  years. How likely is it that they will break up
  after graduation?
• Americans _________ average
• They assume things will remain the same
• Chinese from Beijing _______ average
• They assume things will change

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Study 3 what will happen at times 4 5?

1 2 3 4 5
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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Study 3 what will happen at times 4 5?

1 2 3 4 5
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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Study 4 which best depicts the happiness of your
  life over time?
• Given a choice of linear, curvilinear, parabolic
  graphs going up and down
• Americans choose more _____________
• Life is headed in one direction, either
  ______________
• Chinese choose more non-linear, parabolic
• _________________

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Asians
• Also make more _____________ attributions for
  behavior, which ________
• Assume that personality and morality are
  ______________________
• Can tolerate, even appreciate _________

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Asians
• Less __________ with positive events
• Less __________ by negative events
• Why? because __________________
• So dont get too attached to positive or negative
  event

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Culture, Change, Prediction (Ji et al., 2001)

• Asians
• Less ______________________
• One cant control everything
• The more yin you strive for
• The more yang you get

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Western conception of mental health
• _______________
• Rogers
• Self-actualization
• Self as guidance, meaning
• Others just ___________________
• _______________ as important

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Importance of self-consistency in West
• ______________________ (Swann)
• People seek, trust feedback that confirms self
  concept
• Maintaining coherent self-view an important
  motive
• ______________________ (Donahue)
• More inconsistency across roles
• more ________________________

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Eastern conception of mental health
• ______________________
• __________________
• To adjust oneself is paramount

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Consistency not as valued in East
• Less bothered by acting against private thoughts
  values
• Less ____________________ arising from behavior
  that violates ones prior attitudes
• Less critical of public behavior that mismatches
  ________________
• Americans would call this hypocrisy

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Consistency not as valued in East
• _____________________
• A tree changes colors, loses leaves, etc.
• It is still the _________________
• Thus, acting differently in different situations
  is natural

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• _______________ thought in East
• Contradictions _________________________
• A is true, but not A is also true
• Dialectic thinking
• Westerners have a big problem with this
• What is true is true and the opposite cannot be
  true
• Analytic thinking, logic
• beware of your friends not your enemies
• too humble is half proud
• ???? (kind of fun to make up to finish first is
  to finish last)

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Culture and Self-Consistency

• Personal Pentagram
• self interacting with different people
• Romantic partner, parents, same-sex friend,
  stranger, teacher/professor
• How characteristic of you is each trait?
• Talkative (T), serious (S), nervous (N),
  intellectual (I), cheerful (C)
• Rank from 1 most characteristic to 5 least
• Connect each trait across contexts

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• Consistency Measure
• Extent to which equally talkative across
  situations
• Extent to which equally serious across situations
• _________________________
• Always the same regardless of who Im interacting
  with

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Culture and Self-Consistency (Suh, 2002)

• _______________________ American, independent
• Self is always the same
• ________________________ Korean, interdependent
• Self changes
• Suh (2002) showed that
• Koreans pentagrams _____________________
• Consistency more predictive of happiness for
  ___________________