Microprocessors Systems: Solutions manual to selected exercises

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Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
selected exercises

• Mile Stojcev, Tatjana Stankovic

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Directions
• - Electronics,
• - Communications,
• - Microelectronics
• VII semester 221
• VIII semester 221

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2075Microprocessor systems

• There are probably almost as many different
  curricula and syllabi for microprocessor system
  design as there are schools and instructors in
  which the subject is taught.
• The proposed course is suitable for an
  introduction on microprocessor system design at
  the junior or senior level, or at an advanced
  sophomore level.

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Goal of the course
• Microprocessor systems are extremely complex
  systems consisting of many components whose
  operation depends on many factors.
• In order to understand microprocessor systems it
  is essential that a student should be exposed to
  the concept of levels in computer architecture.
  It allows them to see how various parts of the
  microprocessor system fit into one whole.
• At the beginning of the course the concept of
  levels are presented to students.

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Goal of the course (continued)
• The students then have a context in which to
  place various topics as they progress through the
  course.
• The course attempts to provide a balanced view of
  all important elements of microprocessor system
  design.
• It is organized so that all the relevant topics
  are covered at some medium essential level of
  detail.
• Additional material is provided to students, in
  order to overcome certain topics in greater
  depth.

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Needed prerequisites
• On assume that the student had at least an
  introductory course in some
• High-level programming language such as C, Java,
  or Pascal,
• One/two semesters of digital logic design.
• Many students who have taken a course in digital
  logic design need to renovate the knowledge
  concerning synthesis of
• FSMs,
• PLDs (CPLDs FPGAs), and
• VHDL as a tool for designing, implementing, and
  testing complex systems.

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• Organization
• We have organized a course so that all relevant
  topics are covered in two semesters with a fund
  of 221.
• The complete course is composed of
• a) 60 classes of teaching 30 classes per
  semester, two classes per week
• b) 60 classes of oral exercises and working in
  projects 30 classes per semester, two classes
  per week
• c) 30 classes of lab exercises 15 classes per
  semester, one class per week.

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• Required course material
• 1) RISC, CISC and DSP processors
• Faculty of Electronic Engineering Nis, 1997.
• Mile Stojcev
• 2) Architectures and Programming of Microcomputer
  Systems Based on IA32
• Faculty of Electronic Engineering Nis, 2000.
• Mile Stojcev, Branislav Petrovic
• 3) Solution Manual to accompany Microprocessor
  and Microcomputer
• Faculty of Electronic Engineering Nis, 1999.
• Mile Stojcev, Sasa Ristic, Milos Krstic
• 4) Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Faculty of Electronic Engineering Nis, 2003.
• Mile Stojcev, Tatjana Stankovic

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• Evolution of microprocessor systems
• - Earlier generations of microprocessors had
  almost trivial internal structure.
• - Present designs contain multiple pipelined
  functional unit with support for multiple
  processor and memories.

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• Evolution of microprocessor systems (continued)
• The appropriate topics for such a course have
  changed considerably in recent years.
• The topics of
• - pipelined processor design,
• - the memory hierarchy, and
• - networks
• are moving to the center stage in the arena of
  microprocessor system design.

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• Main topics
• Quantitative performance evaluations at both the
  component and system level, where
• - total time to execute a program,
• - silicon area,
• - or other hardware/software tradeoffs
• are considered as dominant performance measures.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of a
  microprocessor is involved.
• The tasks that microprocessor performs are
  determined.
• Instructions, internal registers, and other ISA
  components are specified.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Register-Transfer-Level (RTL) treatment of the
  implementation of instruction fetching and
  execution in a processor is considered.
• This is followed by a discussion of processor
  implementation by both hardwired and
  microprogrammed approaches.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Memory system is treated.
• Caches and multiple module memory systems are
  explained as ways for increasing main memory
  bandwidth.
• Caches are discussed in some details including
  performance modeling.
• Virtual memory systems and memory management are
  also presented.

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• Main topics (continued)
• A detailed coverage of the use of pipelining in
  the design of high-performance microprocessors is
  presented.
• The role of the compiler and the relationship
  between pipelined execution and instruction set
  design are explored.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Instruction-Level-Parallelism (ILP) is
  considered.
• The basics of superscalar and VLIW instruction
  processing by the utilization of multiple
  functional units are also treated.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Input/Output organization is considered.
• The basics of I/O data transfer synchronization
  are presented.
• Interrupts and direct-memory access methods are
  explained, including a discussion of the role of
  software interrupts in operating systems.
• Bus protocols and standards are also presented.

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• Main topics (continued)
• Communication cover network architectures,
  focusing on
• - modems,
• - local area networks (LANs),
• - wide area networks (WANs).
• The emphasis is primarily on network
  architecture, with accessible discussions of
  protocols that spotlight key feature of network
  architecture.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• contains 371 plus VII text pages of the B5
  format, prepared on PC machine intended for
  printing.
• Structure
• The book is divided into four Chapters, section
  Bibliography with 46 cited references, and one
  Appendix.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 1 Written part of the exam tests
• Exam exercises in the time period from January
  99 until June 03 are presented.
• In total there are
• - 40 examination periods
• - 160 solved problems on 150 pages, including 52
  pictures and number of tables and short program
  sequences.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Written part of the exam tests Layout

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises - Written part of the exam
  tests - Layout (cont.)

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises - Written part of the exam
  tests - Layout (cont.)

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises - Written part of the exam
  tests - Layout (cont.)

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Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
selected exercises - Written part of the exam
tests - Layout (cont.)
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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises - Written part of the exam
  tests Criteria for evaluation
• - Each exam consists of four problems.
• - All problems are pointed equally.
• - Maximal number of points 100.
• - Minimal number of points to pass the written
  part of the exam test is 50 points.
• - Criteria for pointing problems
• - correct answer 25 points
• - correct answer but error in computing/program
  presentation 20 points
• - correct idea and concept well defined, only,
  15 points
• - correct idea but non optimal hardware-software
  solution 10 points
• - correct idea but badly documented 5 points.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 2 Selected problem
• Collection of distinctive problems from the field
  of computer architecture and organization.
• Hot topics refer to RISC processors, pipelining,
  superscalar, VLIW concepts, ILP cash memory, etc.
  
• In total there are
• - 76 pages
• - 107 problems illustrated by 41 figures, a
  great number of tables and short program
  sequences.
• The aim of the presented problems, is to, in an
  indirect way, bring closer and explain
  contemporary concepts of processing instructions.
  

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 2 Selected problem - Typical problem

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 2 Selected problem - Typical problem
  (cont.)

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2075Microprocessor systems

• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 2 Selected problem - Typical problem

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Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
selected exercises Chapter 2 Selected problem
- Typical problem (solution)
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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 3 Oral part of the exam
• - 16 sets of questions
• - totally 150 questions, presented on 14 pages
• - the writing part consists of 10 questions
  selected from different topics
• - criteria for evaluation
• - a correct answer to the question .. 1
  point
• - incomplete correct answer . 0.7 point
• - presentation of the main idea 0.5 point
• - partially correct answer .. 0.3 point
• - no answer -0.3 point
• - incorrect answer . -0.5 point
• - maximal number of points 10 points
• - minimal number of points for pass 5
  points
• - final number of points is determined as
  arithmetic means of the written and oral parts
  of the exam.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 3 - Oral part of the exam - Layout of a
  typical set
• Describes the differences between a trap
  instruction and a subroutine call.
• Concerning disc, define the terms seek time,
  rotational delay, access time, and transfer time.
  
• What is the difference between DRAM and SRAM in
  terms of characteristic such as speed, size, and
  cost?
• What is the distinction between spatial locality
  and temporal locality?
• What are the typical elements of a machine
  instruction?

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 3 - Oral part of the exam - Layout of a
  typical set (cont.)
• What is the distinction between instruction level
  parallelism and machine parallelism?
• What is the difference between a hardware
  pipeline and a software pipeline?
• What is the difference between horizontal
  microinstruction and vertical microinstruction?
• Briefly define indirect addressing.
• What are the advantages of the geometric mean
  over the harmonic and arithmetic means when
  combining normalized execution rates?

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 4 Selected test problems
• - 555 different selected test problems
• - given in 119 pages
• - depending on how a problem difficult is, the
  questions are divided into three groups
• - standard questions, devoted to everyone, are
  not marked
• - questions which the students should know if
  they want to get a higher mark (gt8) are marked
  with one asterisk
• - difficult questions, intended for graduate
  students, are marked with two asterisks.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 4 Selected test problems - Layout of
  standard questions
• What types of locations can hold source and
  destination operands?
• What is a difference between big endian and
  little endian?
• What general roles are performed by CPU
  registers?
• What is a program status word?
• Give a simple definition of precise
  interrupts/exceptions?

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 4 Selected test problems - Layout of
  questions marked with one asterisk
• Define the crucial differences between
  microcontrollers and microprocessors?
• Explain the differences among the following
  program defined exceptions
• a) illegal instruction
• b) non-implemented instruction
• c) privileged instruction
• d) arithmetic error.
• For the example of a conditional jump statement
• if C then I1 else I2
• explain the concepts of branch prediction and
  speculative execution.

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• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises
• Chapter 4 Selected test problems - Layout of
  questions marked with two asterisks
• Define the basic characteristics of the following
  benchmark programs Dhrystone, Whetstone,
  Livermore Loops, and Linpack.
• Define briefly what kind of relationship exists
  between the sequential model of execution and the
  precise processor state.
• What kind of similar and conceptually different
  activities perform the linker and loader?

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• As conclusion
• Microprocessors Systems Solutions manual to
  selected exercises, by M. Stojcev and T.
  Stankovic,
• published by Faculty of Electronic Engineering
  Nis 2004. contains a collection of problems and
  theoretical questions, useful to students for
  preparing the major Microprocessor systems exams,
  and at the same time shows new trends of
  development in the field of computer architecture.

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Thanks to all for stated attention and patience
to follow this presentation!