The Opening of America 10

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The Opening of America (10)

• Preview In the quarter century after 1815 a
  market revolution transformed the United States
  into a boom-and-bust, geographically mobile
  society defined above all by materialism and
  wealth.
• The Highlights
• The Market Revolution
• A Restless Temper
• The Rise of Factories
• Social Structures of the Market Society
• Prosperity and Anxiety

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Learning Outcomes

• Understand how a market revolution transformed
  the United States after 1815
• Consider how historians account for the impact of
  a boom-and-bust economic life on American society
• Explain the differences factory life made on
  American social structures
• Be able to describe the long term consequences of
  the market revolution

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The Forces of Nationalism

• Nation-Building The New Nationalism Expansion
• Peace New Expectations
• Boundaries
• A People in motion
• Culture of the Frontier

Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri and
Pawnees Charles B. King, 1821
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The Forces of Nationalism

• The Market Economy
• Transportation Revolution
• The Canal Age
• Steamboats
• Commerce Banking

The Erie Canal
The Arabia Steamboat
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The Forces of Nationalism

• The Market Economy
• Railroads
• Commerce Banking
• Immigration Population
• The new working class
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Technological
• Advances

Railroad Revolution The Changing Landscape
The Crystal Palace, London 1851
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The Forces of Nationalism

• Early Industrialism Labor
• Textile Manufacture
• Francis Cabot Lowell
• Lowell (Waltham), MA.
• The Mill Girls
• New Workplaces
• New workers
• The labor movement
• Southern Economy

Merrimack Valley Mills

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The Forces of Nationalism

• Social Structures of the Market Society
• Prosperity and Anxiety
• The Politics of Nation-Building
• Political restructuring
• James Monroe
• Disinterested Statesman
• The Missouri Compromise
• Judicial Nationalism again

John Marshall 1755 - 1835
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The Market Revolution

• The New Nationalism
• New generation of political leaders
• 1816 Congress charters Second Bank of the U. S.
  passes a mildly protective tariff
• Support for national internal improvements
• The Cotton Trade
• 1793 Invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney
  dramatically alters southern agriculture

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The Market Revolution

• The Cotton Trade
• 1793 Invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney
  dramatically alters southern agriculture

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The Market Revolution

• The Transportation Revolution
• Between 1825 and 1855, cost of transportation
  falls 95, bringing new regions into the market
• The Canal Age
• 1825 Erie Canal completed
• Canal era dramatically lowers transportation
  costs
• By 1850, economic depression ends the canal era
  in spite of its many achievements

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The Canal Age Opening of Erie, 1825
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The Canal Age
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The Canal Age
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• Steamboats Railroads
• Because of its size, U. S. dependent on river
  transportation
• Steamboats revolutionize transportation in the
  West, 1820-60
• By the 1850s, railroads come to dominate the
  transportation system RR time
• Agriculture in the Market Economy
• Shift from small farms toward commercial
  agriculture
• Regional crop specialization emerges

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• John Marshall the Promotion of Enterprise
• Constitutionality of the national bank
• Gibbons v Ogden encourages Interstate commerce
• Protection of contracts between individuals or
  companies
• General Incorporation Laws
• Importance of corporations raising capital,
  limited liability, incorporation of partnerships
  and ventures
• General incorporation laws pass

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A Restless Temper

• A People in Motion
• A high-speed society
• The whole continent presents a scene of
  scrambling and roars with greedy hurry.
• Population Growth
• Immigration rises after 1830
• In 1830s some 600,000 immigrants arrive

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• The Federal Land Rush
• By 1850 almost half of all Americans live outside
  the original 13 states
• Speculators help settle western lands
• Geographic Mobility
• On the road again - by 1850 nearly half of all
  native-born free Americans live outside the state
  where they had been born
• The search for opportunity influences Americans
  desires to move

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• Urbanization
• Urban centers, old and new important urban
  centers in St. Louis Cincinnati arose
• The South, is least urbanized region
• only 10 percent of Southern people live in
  cities,

All these changesthe amazing growth of the
population, the quickening movement westward, and
the rising migration to the citiespointed to a
fundamental reorientation of American
development. Expansion both excited and
unsettled Americans.
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The Rise of Factories

• Technological Advances
• Acceptance of technology - from 1790-1860 the US
  Patent Office grants more patents than England
  and France combined
• Interchangeable parts
• Communication 1837, Morse invents the telegraph

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• Telegraph

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• Telegraph

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• The Postal System
• Remote areas connected to the rest of the country
  through the postal system
• 1831 U. S. has an extensive postal system
• Textile Factories
• 1820, Lowell the first fully integrated textile
  factory
• Hard work in the mills 6 days a week with 30
  minutes for noon meal
• Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers
  to Irish immigrants causing declining wages

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Merrimack Print samples
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• Lowell and the Environment
• Reshaping the areas waterscape to harness water
  for energy
• Damaging effects flood farm lands, devastates
  fish population, contaminates water supply
• Industrial Work
• Artisan system adaptation to the disciplined
  factory work routine proved difficult
• Transformation of work from pride to productivity

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• The Shoe Industry
• Lynn as the center of shoemaking Massachusetts
  towns population doubled every 20 years
• Wages reduced because of number of employees
  needed
• In a little more than a generation shoemaking
  ceased to be a craft
• The Labor Movement
• 1834 National Trades Union formed
• Strength of labor unions collapsed with the
  depression following the Panic of 1837

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Social Structures of the Market Society

• Economic Specialization
• Decline of womens traditional work
• New ready-made mens clothing reduces amount of
  sewing women do
• Materialism
• Wealth and status Wealth is something
  substantial. Everybody knows that and feels it.

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• The Emerging Middle Class
• Separation of middle class from manual laborers
• Material goods as emblems of success
• The Distribution of Wealth
• As American society became more specialized and
  differentiated, greater extremes of wealth
  appeared
• Market society allowed the rich to build up their
  assets through new investment opportunities

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• Social Mobility
• Limits of social mobility
• Improved status came through savings and home
  ownership
• A New Sensitivity to Time
• Due to mass production of clocks ordinary
  families can now afford them
• Clocks begin to invade private as well as public
  space.

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• The Market at Work Three Examples
• The market transforms Kingston, New York
• Sugar Creek, Illinois
• Mountain men and the fur trade

The mountain men, the farmers of Sugar Creek,
and the workers of Kingston were all alert to the
possibilities of the market.The path of
commerce, however, was not steadily upward.
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Prosperity and Anxiety

• The Panic of 1819
• National depression
• Debts become hard to pay for both city dwellers
  and rural Americans
• The Missouri Crisis
• Missouri Compromise
• Americans look to take more direct control of the
  government

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Keywords and Terms

• Chauncey Jerome
• The Market Revolution
• steam power
• Eli Whitney
• John Quincy Adams
• 1819 - Critical year
• Erie Canal, 1825
• Incorporation Laws
• Federal Land rush
• Lowell Offering
• Dartmouth College Case

• implied powers
• The Marshall Court
• American System
• John C. Calhoun
• the common man
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Frontier Thesis
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Tallmadge Amendment
• democracy