PRENATAL,

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Chapter 4

• PRENATAL,
• BIRTH, AND
• POSTNATAL PERIODS
• Theresa Garcia, Eva Ruiz,
• Francesca Zollo

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Periods of Prenatal Development

• Parental development
• From conception until the beginning of the birth
  process.
• Divided into three periods
• OVUM
• EMBRYO
• FETUS
• NOVAK PELAEZ

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The Ovum-Germinal Period

• Zygote
• Germinal Period
• Morula
• Identical, Monozygotic, Paternal Twins
• Blastula or blastocyst
• Differentiation
• Embryoblast
• Trophoblast
• Implantation

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The Embryonic Period

• Placental barrier
• Other organs that develop out of the trophoblast
  include
• Allantois, which becomes the umbilical cord.
• Chorion, protective membrane that surrounds the
  child.
• Yok sac, initial source of embryonic blood cells.
• Amnion, inner membrane surrounding the embryo and
  containing amniotic fluid.

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The Embryonic Period

• The Three layers of the Embryo
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
• Ectoderm

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The Fetal Period

• The fetal period is by far the longest period of
  prenatal development.
• It lasts from approximately the 9th week until
  birth at about the 39th week.

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The Laws of Developmental Direction

• The Laws of Developmental direction are
  generalizations that state the order in which
  characteristics emerge.
• The Cephalo-Caudal Law
• The Proximo-Distal Law
• The Gross-Fine Law

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Timing and Teratogens

• What are teratogens?
• Environmental agents that affect the prenatally
  exposed child
• Diseases
• Radiation
• Chemicals

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Teratogens and the Earliest Environment

• Ovaries
• Oviduct
• Uterus
• Maternal Diseases
• Toxoplasmosis
• Cytomegalovirus
• Rubella
• Genital Herpes
• Drugs
• Alcohol Intake
• Cigarette Smoking

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Teratogens and the Earliest Environment

• Environmental Hazards
• Radiation
• Maternal Characteristics
• Maternal Age
• Nutrition and Development
• Reproductive risks vs. Caretaking Casualty
• Getting ready for the world

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Postnatal Development The Remarkable Newborn

• Neonate
• (term used for the first 2 weeks of life)
• Assessing Babys Condition
• Apgar Test
• Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

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The Neonates Abilityy to Respond to the
Environment

• Sensory Capability
• Sensation
• Perception
• Nativism Versus Empiricism

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How Do We Know the Sensory and Perceptual
Capabilities of the Infant?

• The visual preference method
• Visual Cliff
• Operant conditioning procedures to study
  perception, memory, and early socialization
• Stimuli
• Reinforcers

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Sensory Abilities

• Visual Abilities
• Acuity
• Color Perception
• Auditory Capabilities
• Sensory Integration

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Universal Behaviors

• Perceptual abilities as universal behaviors
• Horowitzs (1987) definition of universal
  behaviors
• Reflexes as universal behaviors
• All newborns possess reflexes
• Part of our genetic makeup

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How do Reflexes Change?

• Reflexes May Stay the Same
• Reflexes May Disappear
• Reflexes May Be Elicited by New Stimuli
  Respondent Conditioning
• Reflexes May be Elaborated Into New Behaviors
  Operant Conditioning