Management Information Systems BBA (Hons) 6th

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Management Information Systems BBA (Hons) 6th

• (Module 3)
• Technical Decomposition
• (Hardware Software)
• Course Lecturer Farhan Mir

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Lectures Administration

• IT Fundamentals
• General IT Development Trends
• Hardware
• Importance
• Types
• Issues related with Hardware
• Software
• Operating System Vs Application Software
• Software Development
• Latest Development in Software
• Issues related with Software

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IT Fundamentals

• IS Decomposition
• Data Information
• Technical components
• Hardware Fundamentals
• Software Fundamentals
• Database Management
• Telecommunications
• Why we are studying these fundamentals?
• These constitute the technical composition of the
  systems
• IS Cost resides majorly in this part
• The Hottest Technology Available(Need for
  Awareness)

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IT Infrastructure in a Modern Organization

• IT Infrastructure - What is it?
• Computing Resources Large Mainframes, Desktops
  and Laptops, Personal Gadgets and Mobile Devices
  and applications
• Telecommunication Services for Connectivity
• Data Management and Storage Services
• Physical Facilities
• IT Management Service
• IT Training Services
• Research and Developmental services and
  capabilities

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Infrastructure Components

• IT Infrastructure has 7 main components
• Networking and telecommunications equipment and
  services (50 of U.S. expenditures)
• Enterprise and other IT software applications
  (19)
• Computer hardware platforms (9)
• Consulting services and system integrators (9)
• Operating system platforms (7)
• Database management and storage (3)
• Internet platforms (2)

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IT Infrastructure Development Trends

• Evolution
• The 5 Eras of Computing
• Mainframe and Minicomputer Era (1950s)
• Personal Computer (PC) Era (1980s)
• Networking (Client/Server) Era (1980s)
• Enterprise Computing (ERP) Era (1990s)
• Cloud Computing (Internet Computing
  Application) Era (2000s)

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IT Infrastructure Development Trends

• Drivers of IT Infrastructure
• Moores Law and Microprocessors Power
• Component of chip increasing on a small area
• Law of Digital Mass Storage
• Storage capacity increasing by exponential rate
• Metcalfes Law and Network Economics
• Number of Network Members Increasing
  exponentially
• Declining Cost of Communication and Internet
• Growing Standards

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Infrastructure Components and Providers
There are seven major components that must be
coordinated to provide the firm with a coherent
IT infrastructure. Listed here are major
technologies and suppliers for each component.
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Infrastructure Components

• Computer hardware platforms
• Client machines
• Desktop PCs, mobile computing devices PDAs,
  laptops
• Servers
• Blade servers ultrathin computers stored in
  racks
• Mainframes
• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade
  servers
• Top chip producers AMD, Intel, IBM
• Top firms IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems

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Infrastructure Components

• Computer software platforms
• Operating systems
• Client level 95 run Microsoft Windows (XP,
  2000, CE, etc.)
• Server level 85 run Unix or Linux
• Enterprise software applications
• Enterprise application providers SAP and Oracle
• Middleware providers BEA

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Background

• Traditional Computing Environment
• Large Vs small organizational computing
• Mainframes
• Mini
• PC environment
• Networking Needs
• Technological Questions Advancements
• Awareness
• Affordable cost
• Availability

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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Grid computing
• Connects geographically remote computers into a
  single network to combine processing power and
  create virtual supercomputer
• Provides cost savings, speed, agility
• On-demand computing (utility computing)
• Off-loading peak demand for computing power to
  remote, large-scale data processing centers
• Lowers cost, risks of hardware investment,
  provides agility

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Glimpse of few Decisions

• Technology
• Latest Hardware (Input, Output, Processing)
• Updation of Legacy Hardware (Maintenance
  Problems)
• Size/Capacity/Speed issues
• Software
• In-house Development
• System Requirement through Analysis
• Development Process
• Implementation Feedback VS
• Buying Option
• Cost/Benefit Analysis
• System Needs
• Implementation and Feedback
• Coordination Communication issues

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Glimpses of few Decisions

• Broader Decisions
• IT Application analysis (where we need IT
  applications in Business)
• Quantitative Assessment in context of
  cost/benefit analysis
• Business Approvals for Investment
• Training
• User Interface
• Database (Size and usage issues)

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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Autonomic computing
• Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can
  configure, optimize themselves, heal themselves
  when broken, and protect themselves from outside
  intruders
• Similar to self-updating antivirus software
  Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates
• Edge computing
• Multitier, load-balancing for Web-based
  applications
• Significant parts of processing performed by less
  expensive servers located nearby user
• Increases response time and lowers technology
  costs
• Akamai Internet edge provider

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Hardware Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Virtualization
• Presenting set of computing resources (such as
  computing power or data storage) so they can be
  accessed in ways not restricted by physical
  configuration or geographic location.
• Server virtualization Running more than one
  operating system at same time on single machine.
• Fewer computers required to process same work
• Multicore processors
• Integrated circuit with two or more processors
• Reduces power requirements and heat

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System Components (Hardware)
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Some of the common Input Output Devices
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Hardware Fundamentals

• Input Devices
• From Traditional keyboard entry to automated
  input
• Graphics Ease (touch screens)

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Hardware Fundamentals

• Processing
• Speed Capacity (parallel processing)

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Hardware Fundamentals

• Output Devices
• Output needs
• Daily life pervasiveness
• Organizational communication channel ( Marketing
  aspects)

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Hardware Fundamentals

• Storage
• Permanent Vs. Temporary Storage
• Mobile Storage.
• Networking.
• Routers
• Switches
• Specialized Servers
• Will complete it in the networking section

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Cost Effective Storage Structure
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IT Hardware Components - Storage

• Storage Devices
• Storage Capacities
• Ubiquitous Storage?
• In your pocket
• On the web

www.rememberus.co.uk/
www.avdeals.com/ digitalmemory/SDCZ12807.htm
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IT Hardware Components Communications and Other
Hardware

• NICs (Network Interface Cards)
• One of the basic device for communication in a
  wired network
• Modems
• Wired
• Wireless
• Other hardware items
• Graphics cards (VGA)
• Specialized devices
• Input Hardware Example

Super mouse
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PHANTOM Omni Haptic Device
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Contemporary Hardware Issues

• IT portfolio analysis (Heavy Investment)
• Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
• Maintenance
• Backup
• Disaster Recovery
• Compatibility
• Future Planning
• Technological Advancement
• Cost Vs. Quality question

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Software Fundamentals

• System Software
• Application Software
• Software Engineering Tools
• Trends regarding software
• Management Concerns

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System Software

• Operating System
• Microcomputer OS
• DOS
• Windows
• Unix
• (GUI, Common User Access)
• Networking OS
• Netware
• Large Scale OS
• Multiprocessing
• Multitasking
• Other Important Software
• System Management Software
• System utilities
• Language Translators

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Software

• Application software
• Easy-to-use programs designed to perform specific
  tasks
• System software
• Programs that support the execution and
  development of other programs
• Two major types
• Operating systems
• Translation systems (compilers linkers)

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Basic OS Tasks
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Computer Software Relationships
User Interface
Application Programs
User Interface
Operating System
User Interface

• Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS)
• needed for a computer to boot up

Computer Hardware
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Application Software

• General Application
• Word Processing
• Spreadsheets
• File Managers
• Special Purpose Software
• TP
• Scheduling
• Analysis Decision Making
• Presentation
• Communication
• Training
• Programming
• From low level to 4GLs

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Application Software

• Application software makes computer popular and
  easy to use
• Common application software
• Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
• PowerPoint
• Netscape, Internet Explorer
• PhotoShop, Photo-Paint
• Quick Time
• Dreamweaver

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Integrated Development Environments

• Combine all of the capabilities that a programmer
  would want while developing software (VC)
• Editor
• Compiler
• Linker
• Loader
• Debugger
• Viewer

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Information System(Application Software)
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Linux and open-source software
• Open-source software Produced by community of
  programmers, free and modifiable by user
• Linux Open-source software OS
• 6 new PCs in 2005 were Linux (U.S.)
• 23 market share as LAN server (U.S.)
• Java
• Object-oriented programming language (Sun
  Microsystems)
• Operating system, processor-independent (Java
  Virtual Machine)
• Leading programming environment for Web
• Applets
• E-commerce applications

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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Ajax
• Software technique for allowing client and server
  to hold conversation in background, so browser
  page does not need to be fully reloaded. Google
  Maps.
• Web-based software tools
• Googles online spreadsheet and word processing
• Mashups
• Combinations of two or more online applications
  e.g. combining mapping software (Google Maps)
  with local content

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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Web 2.0 key concepts
• Web becoming collection of capabilities, rather
  than pages
• Services
• Control over unique data sources
• Users as co-developers
• Harnessing collective intelligence
• Leveraging long tail through customer
  self-service
• Software above level of single device
• Lightweight user interfaces, development models,
  and business models

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Enterprise Wide Software (Need for Collaboration)
Case of Integrated Supply Chain Management (ERPs)
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Selected Enterprise Resource Planning Vendors
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Software Platform Trends and Emerging Technologies

• Changing sources of software
• Software packages and suites
• Complex, enterprise software systems
• Application service providers (ASPs)
• Business that delivers and manages applications
  and computer services from remote computer
  centers to multiple users using the Internet or a
  private network
• Outsourcing
• Domestic or offshore
• Today, 1/3 U.S. firms outsource software
  development

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Management Issues

• Application Backlogs
• Different Applications build in different
  languages
• Lengthy Development processes
• System Development requires commitments, time,
  patience
• Make
• System Requirement
• User Interface
• User Involvement Vs.
• Buy
• Availability of Built-in applications
• Cost Vs. Quality Issues
• Organization Wide Systems reducing compatibility
  issues
• Contract Management through Outsourcing

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References

• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). Management
  Information Systems Action Strategy. (2nd
  Ed). Chapter 5,6
• Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2001).
  Management Information Systems Managing a
  Digital Firm.(7th Ed). Chapter 5
• James OBrien. (1998). Introduction to
  Information Systems A Networked Enterprise
  Perspective. (2nd Ed). Chapter 2,3