Prerequisites: 112

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Organic I II WEB PAGE
www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/bryson/index.html
CHEM 333
Prerequisites 112
synthesis
3a
2a
2b
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CHAPTER 2 Functional Groups
- Intermolecular Forces Hydrocarbons - saturated
unsaturated Polar covalent bonds Polar
non-polar molecules
Functional groups haloalkanes alcohols ethers
amines aldehydes/ketones carboxylic acids
esters amides nitriles Properties
molecular structure Attractive forces
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Hydrocarbons compounds w/ only carbon and
hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon - saturated - unsaturated
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
1. Alkenes have at least 1 CC double bond
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
2. Alkynes have at least 1 C-C triple bond
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
3. Aromatic compounds - cyclic - most common, 3
pair of alternating double single bonds
benzene
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Polar Covalent Bonds
lithium fluoride has an ionic bond
ethane covalent bonds, electrons shared equally
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Electronegativities F most electronegative (EN
4.0) Cs the least (EN 0.7)
H (2.1)
Li (1.0)
Be (1.6)
B (2.0)
C (2.5)
N (3.0)
O (3.5)
F (4.0)
Na (0.9)
Mg (1.2)
Si (1.8)
P (2.1)
S (2.5)
Cl (3.0)
K (0.8)
Br (2.8)
Increasing EN
Rb (0.8)
I (2.5)
Cs (0.7)
Increasing EN
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2.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
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2.1
2.5
1.8
2.5
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Molecules containing polar bonds are not
necessarily polar as a whole, for example
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• Dipole moment of some compounds

Compound Dipole Moment Compound Dipole Moment
Na() (-)Cl 9.0 CH4 0
H3C-NO2 3.45 CCl4 0
H3C-Cl 1.87
H3C-Br 1.79
H3C-I 1.64
H3C-OH 1.70
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Molecules containing polar bonds are not
necessarily polar as a whole, for example
cis-1,2-dichloroethene
trans-1,2-dichloroethene
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Structure and Functional Groups
Alkane Alkyl RGroup Abbrev.
CH3H Methane CH3 Methyl Me-
CH3CH2H Ethane CH3CH2 Ethyl Et-
CH3CH2CH2H Propane CH3CH2CH2 propyl Pr-
CH3CH2CH2CH2H Butane CH3CH2CH2CH2 Butyl Bu-
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General formula for an alkane is RH
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Phenyl and Benzyl Groups
Phenyl group
Benzyl group
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Haloalkanes or Alkyl Halides
RX (X F, Cl, Br, I) Classification primary,
secondary or tertiary if carbon bonded to halide
is attached to
F-CH3 methyl flouride
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Alcohols are alkyl derivatives of water
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Alcohols
ROH (R sp3 hybidized C), -alkanol
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Ethers
ROR -alkoxyalkane
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Amines
RNH2 alkanamine
(1o)
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Aldehydes and Ketones alkanal -alkanone
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Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
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Nitriles alkanenitrile
others nitro, imide, etc.
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functional groups?
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Summary Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
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Summary Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
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Intermolecular Forces (van der Waals
Forces)
Dipole-dipole forces Hydrogen bonds Dispersion
forces
Table 2.6
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Dipole-dipole attractions between polar molecules
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Hydrogen bonds Dipole-dipole attractions between
hydrogen nonbonding electron pairs of
electronegative atoms (O, N, or F) Hydrogen
bonds weak but much stronger than the
dipoledipole interactions
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Hydrogen bonds
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Dispersion forces (London forces) e(-) charge in
a nonpolar molecule is uniform
e(-) movement, distrubs charge balance. Creates
a slight accumulation of charge (a
small temporary dipole)
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MeOH and H2O are miscible in all proportions
hydrogen bond
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Hydrophobic - incompatible with water Hydrophilic
- compatible with water
Hydrophilic group
Hydrophobic portion
Ch03
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Summary of Attractive Electric Forces
Ch03