Ecology???

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Ecology???

• 2003
• LS4143
• ???(2765)

URL www.prenhall.com/stiling.hinet.net
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Textbook

• Ecology(Fourth Edition), by P. Stiling, 2002
• Published by Prentice Hall

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• 1 Introduction 1
• 2 Genetics and ecology 2
• 3 Extinction 3
• 4 Group selection and individual selection 4
• 5 Life history strategies 5
• 6 Population growth, physical environment 6,7
• 7 Competition and coexistence, Mutualism 8,9
• 8 Predation, herbivory 10,11
• 9 Parasitism, controls on population size 12,13
• 10 ??? 1-13
• 11 ??
• 12 Community ecology 14,15
• 13 Species diversity and stability 16,17
• 14 Succession and island biogeography 18,19
• 15 Trophic structure 20
• 16 Energy flow 21
• 17 Nutrients 22
• 18 ??? 14-22

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Road Map
Chapter 1 Why and How to Study EcologyChapter
Outline

• Ecology is the study of that which limits the
  abundance of plants and animals. We can study
  ecology at the level of individual behavior,
  populations, communities, or ecosystems.
• Observing natural systems affords an insight into
  their workings, but field and laboratory
  experiments provide the most rigorous tests of
  ecological ideas.
• Ecological measurement must be made at the
  spatial and temporal scale appropriate to the
  question being asked.

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Case study-1
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Case study-2
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Lecture outline
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Outline

1. Basic definitions of terms and field of study
2. Understanding the difference between
   observational studies, and field and laboratory
   experiments
3. Spatial and temporal implications in ecological
   interpretations

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What Is Ecology?

1. Study of individuals, populations, communities,
   and ecosystems
2. Study of interactions among and between
   organisms, and their environment
3. Importance to human activities

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Example Aswan High Dam (Figure 1.1)

• Located on the Nile River in Egypt (Figure 1.2)
• Potential benefits
• Several years of irrigation reserves
• Add 526,000 ha in arable land
• Produce 10 billion kilowatts of electrical power
  annually
• Protect country from catastrophic flood
• Benefits to date
• Saved rice and cotton crops from drought damage
  in 1972 and 1973
• Two to three crops annually, as opposed to one
• Increased productivity and annual income from
  agriculture by 200
• 380,000 ha of desert are being irrigated for the
  first time
• Unexpected ecological problems
• Increase in the incidence of schistosomiasis
  (4780)
• Decreased phytoplankton blooms and fish harvests
  in the Mediterranean (e.g., Sardine annual catch
  decreased from 15,000 tons to 500)
• Increased need for fertilization (100 million
  annually). Fertilizer production uses most of the
  energy generated by the Dam.
• Farmers overwater their land, resulting in salt
  deposition (half of the irrigated acreage is
  affected by salt)
• Proper ecological studies could have predicted
  resulting ecological problems of the dam

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Ecologistsbest-equipped scientists to study
natural ecosystems

• Investigating environmental change on the local,
  regional, and global scale
• Reductionist analyses and experimentation
• Adapted concepts from agriculture, physiology,
  biochemistry, genetics, chemistry, and
  mathematics
• Analytical and portable equipment
• Challenges for ecologists
• Acid deposition
• Global climate change
• Increasing use of fertilizer results in huge N
  inputs to communities
• Increasing use of pesticides
• Species extinction
• Ecology and Environmental Sciences
• Four broad areas of ecology (Figure 1.3)

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Behavioral Ecology

• How behavior contributes to survivorship,
  reproduction, and population growth
• Example Forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma
  Figure 1.4)
• Reside in silken tents and defoliate trees
• Vulnerable to predators
• Group living would appear to be counterproductive
  (i.e., assisting predators)
• Benefits of group living
• Multiple-layered large silken tents
• Multiple and stronger silk trails to food sources
  
• Pheromones to attract colony mates
• Increased probability of propagating ones own
  genes

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Summary

1. Importance of ecology in addressing human
   perturbations
2. Four broad areas of ecology behavioral ecology,
   population ecology, community ecology, and
   ecosystems ecology
3. Understanding ecological processes through the
   use of different ecological methods laboratory,
   field and natural experiments, and modeling
4. Investigations must be conducted at the right
   spatial scale

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Discussion Questions

• What is the difference between ecology and
  environmental science?
• What are ecological methods? How do we apply them
  to ecological questions?
• In a local park, forest, or even in your backyard
  think about five ecological questions you could
  ask and the information you would need to answer
  them. Do your questions relate to behavioral,
  population, community, or ecosystems ecology or
  do they cross categories?

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Fundamental knowledge of Ecology

• Biochemistry
• Molecular biology
• Genetics
• Evolution
• Physiology
• Developmental biology
• Cell biology

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The scope of ecology

1. Ecology and levels of biological organization
2. Subdisciplines in ecology
3. Sciences allied to ecology

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The conceptual framework for ecological research

• The scientific method
• Reductionism versus holism
• The limitations of experimental manipulation
• Making inferences in ecological research
• Statistical analyses and mathematical modeling
• Proximate and ultimate explanations

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Ecology ???

• Oekologie(E. Haeckel, 1869)
•  
• Oikos(G) House ??,???
•  
• Logos(G) study ??,??
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• The branch of science dealing with the
  relationships of living things to one another and
  to their environment.
•  

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Ecology

• Functional ecology
• How populations are maintained at a particular
  size and touches on behavior competition,
  predation.....?
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• Historical ecology
• How populations have come to be this way and
  places great emphrasis on biogeography which
  presupposes knowledge of continental draft and of
  evolution.

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ecologist????

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?????????

• ??????-??????
• ??????-???????
• .????????
•  ????????
• ????????????-????? (??) Community Ecology

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?????????

• 1735 Reaumur ???????(??)???????(?????)???????
• 1766 J. G. Koelreuter 1775 C. K. Sprengel
• ???????????????
• 1749 G. L. L. de Buffon ????????????
• 1805 A. von Humboldt ?????????????????????????

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??????

• 1798. T. Malthus(???)- Essay on population
  populations capacity geometric growth food supply
  increased arithmetically.
• . Malthusian theory of population
• . ???????
• e.g. Oyster 8x107 eggs/yr.
• Birds 275x108 ind/10yrs.
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• . Limiting reproduction
• ?????????????????
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• ?Struggle for existence
• . Variation between individuals.
• ?????????
• ? Natural selection

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Limiting reproduction

• ?????????????????
• ?Struggle for existence
• . Variation between individuals.
• ?????????
• ? Natural selection

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Natural selection

• 1809 J. B. Lamarck- Philosophie zoologique
• . Use and disuse, Inheritance of acquired traits.
• . giraffes,? use? longneck
• . cave animal?disuse?blind eyes.
• . Reductive or vestigial structure
• 1838 P. F. Verhulst ?????Logistic ???
• 1840 Leibig ????????
•  1844 Gasparin ???????????

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Species origin(????)

• 1859 C. Darwin
• . The origin of species by means of Natural
  selection or preservation of favored races in the
  struggle for life.

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??????

• C. Lyell- Principles of Geology
• . Physical world changed gradually
• A. R. Wallace(1822-1913)- Nature selection,
  Island Life, Geographical Distribution of
  Animals.
•  . All organisms are descended with modification
  from common ancestors.
• . The mechanism for evolution was natural
  selection.
• 1895 E. Warming ???????(?????)
•  1898 A. F. W. Schimper ?????(???????)
•  1913 Journal of ecology (UK)

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