THE INTERNET

1
THE INTERNET

• Concept started in late 1950s, but important
  since 1992
• Designed for the U.S. military
• Series of interconnected sites from many areas
• Designed to withstand losses of large portions
• Now international
• Actual computers and cables
• Number of host computers - not web pages or sites
• 1969 4
• 1997 20 million
• 2002 200 million
• The Internet Society

2
THE INTERNET

• Two systems now
• Internet1
• The commodity internet
• http//slate.msn.com/id/2120440/?navnavoaContinu
  eArticle
• Internet2
• Led by more than 200 U.S. universities, working
  with industry and government, Internet2 develops
  and deploys advanced network applications and
  technologies for research and higher education,
  accelerating the creation of tomorrow's Internet
• http//www.internet2.edu/
• One of the advantages Internet2 has over the
  existing Internet is speed. The network will
  never be available to the public, though, as it's
  solely a research tool.
• http//www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1843288,00.as
  p

3
WORLD WIDE WEB

• Most used part of the Internet
• Actually the information
• Made the internet useful
• Accessed with a browser

4
Uniform Resource Locator

• The global address of documents and other
  resources on the World Wide Web
• The first part of the address indicates what
  protocol to use
• The second part specifies the IP address or the
  domain name where the resource is located.
• For example, the two URLs below point to two
  different files at the domain webexample.com.
• ftp//www.webexample.com/example.exe
• http//www.webexample.com/index.html

5
File Transfer Protocol

• FTP, the protocol used on the Internet for
  exchanging files.
• Connects to a file server.
• Entire files are transferred from one device to
  another and copied into memory
• FTP is most commonly used to download a file from
  a server using the Internet or to upload a file
  to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a
  server).
• FTP works in the same way as HTTP for
  transferring Web pages from a server to a user's
  browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail
  across the Internet

6
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

• HTTP
• Used to transfer files from a Web server onto a
  browser in order to view a Web page that is on
  the Internet.
• HTTP is a one-way system onto the workstation.
  Connects to a Web server and not a file server.
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) transmits secure
  communications. SSL is designed to establish a
  secure connection between two computers, S-HTTP
  (another protocol) is designed to send individual
  messages securely.
• By convention, URLs that require an SSL
  connection start with https instead of http.

7
IP ADDRESSES

• Every computer using the Internet is assigned an
  IP address
• uniquely identifies the device
• distinguishes it from other computers
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UW
  uses
• Assigns IP addresses centrally and changes when
  computer is moved to new connection.
• Domain Name System (or Service) is an Internet
  service that translates domain names into IP
  addresses.
• Domain names being alphabetic are easier to
  remember.
• The Internet, however, is really based on IP
  addresses.
• For example, the domain name www.example.com
  might translate to 198.105.232.4.
• The DNS system is its own network. If one DNS
  server doesn't know a particular domain name, it
  asks another one

8
SEARCHING THE INTERNET

• DATA
• DATABASE
• SERVER
• SERVICE PROVIDER
• BROWSER

9
SEARCHING THE INTERNET

• PORTALS
• Offer search, directory, and many other general
  services such as email, home page building, news,
  and popular topics
• Yahoo!, Excite, AOL, Inktomi, MSN, and Lycos.
• WyoWeb http//uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/ABOUTWYOWEB/
• Search engines often add portal services
• SUBJECT DIRECTORY
• includes selected Web sites (more often than
  pages) and classifies them into hierarchical
  subject categories.
• Britannica
• LookSmart
• The Open Directory (Dmoz)
• Yahoo!

10
MEDHUNT

• MedHunt is a medical and health search engine
• MARVIN, a Web-spider, was first applied to the
  medical domain. Armed with a dictionary of
  medical terms, MARVIN tirelessly skims the Web
  for new sources of medical information. MARVIN
  feeds and constantly updates MedHunt.
• MARVIN and MedHunt have been developed by HON.

11
SEARCH ENGINES

• PRIMARY SEARCH ENGINES (as of April 2004)
• Google
• MSN Search
• Teoma basis of Ask Jeeves
• Yahoo!
• Gigablast (minor player)
• OTHERS
• Either using one of the above or no longer exist
• Search aggregators like dogpile.com
• combine results from other search engines
• G. Notess, searchengineshowdown.com/
• searchenginewatch.com/links/article.php/2156221

12
Dogpile report http//searchenginewatch.com/searc
hday/article.php/3504666 2005
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
ADDRESS EXTENSIONS

• .COM Commercial
• .NET network (often personal sites),
  administrative
• .ORG organization
• .GOV government
• .MIL military
• .EDU educational (often student sites) also
  .AC
• .FIRM business
• .INT international institutions
• .NOM personal sites
• .STORE store
• .WEB sites about the web
• http//www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/n
  oframes/nf.domains.html

16
ADDRESS EXTENSIONS

• Country designations
• .ca Canada
• .de Germany
• .uk United Kingdom
• http//www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/n
  oframes/nf.domains.html

17
USE OF THE INTERNET

• Health Professionals use the Internet for medical
  information at work
• daily 68.19
• at least once a week 10.55
• at least once a month 1.64
• less than once a month 6.58
• Never 13.04
• Health on the Internet Foundation
• http//www.hon.ch/Survey/ResPoll/Total.html,
  May-July 2002

18
USE OF THE INTERNET

• Health Professionals use the Internet for medical
  information at home
• daily 72.82
• at least once a week 17.46
• at least once a month 1.57
• less than once a month 5.01
• Never 3.14
• Health on the Internet Foundation
• http//www.hon.ch/Survey/ResPoll/Total.html,
  May-July 2002

19
USE OF THE INTERNET

• The 80 metropolitan markets with 130.4 million
  adults. 79.9 million log on regularly.
• 61.2 of all adults visit the Internet
  regularly.
• 56.7 of 55 to 64 year olds
• 35.9 of 65 to 74 year olds
• 15.9 of those age 75 plus
• 55.6 of married, age 35 plus, households
  without children access the computer regularly
  while 65.1 of households with children do
• Households with annual incomes of 50,000 or more
  the Internet access rate is 78.6 percent.
• December  17, 2004- The Media Audit
  (International Demographics, Inc.,http//www.today
  sseniorsnetwork.com/Seniors20Web20Growth.htm

20
(No Transcript)
21
JAMA, 20032892400-2406
22
INTERNET
23
HONCode

• The Health On the Net Foundation (HON)
• Created in 1995
• A not-for-profit International Swiss Organization
• HON's mission is to guide lay persons or
  non-medical users and medical practitioners to
  useful and reliable online medical and health
  information.
• HON provides leadership in setting ethical
  standards for Web site developers.
• www.hon.ch

24
IS A SITE FEATURING THE SEAL BONA FIDE?

• 1. Place the cursor over the featured HONcode
  seal
• an ID number will appear along the bottom of the
  on-screen frame. www.hon.ch/HONcode/Conduct.html?H
  ONConduct166259
• 2. Click on the HONcode seal.
• links to a page on HON's site summarizing the
  site's status.
• If not, the site is not HONcode compliant.
• 3. Can also use HON's own Site Checker.
• HON's MedHunt search engine will display results
  instantaneously.
• Note The fact that a given Web site does not
  bear the HONcode seal and is not listed on HON's
  MedHunt is NOT necessarily an indication of poor
  quality.
• e.g. http//www.quackwatch.org/

25
HONcode PRINCIPLES

• 1. AUTHORITY
• Any medical or health advice is only given by
  medically trained and qualified professionals
  unless a clear statement is made that the advice
  offered is from a non-medically qualified
  individual or organization.
• 2. COMPLEMENTARITY
• The information provided on this site is designed
  to support, not replace, the relationship that
  exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her
  existing physician.
• 3. CONFIDENTIALITY
• Confidentiality of data relating to individual
  patients and visitors to a medical/health Web
  site, including their identity, is respected by
  this Web site.

26
HONcode PRINCIPLES

• 4. ATTRIBUTION
• Where appropriate, information contained on this
  site will be supported by clear references to
  source data and, where possible, have specific
  HTML links to that data. The date when a clinical
  page was last modified will be clearly displayed
• 5. JUSTIFIABILITY
• Any claims relating to the benefits/performance
  of a specific treatment, commercial product or
  service will be supported by appropriate,
  balanced evidence in the manner outlined above
• 6. TRANSPARENCY OF AUTHORSHIP
• The designers of this Web site will seek to
  provide information in the clearest possible
  manner and provide contact addresses for visitors
  that seek further information or support. The
  Webmaster will display his/her E-mail address
  clearly throughout the Web site.

27
HONcode PRINCIPLES

• 7. TRANSPARENCY OF SPONSORSHIP
• Support for this Web site will be clearly
  identified, including the identities of
  commercial and non-commercial organizations that
  have contributed funding, services or material
  for the site.
• 8. HONESTY IN ADVERTISING EDITORIAL POLICY
• If advertising is a source of funding it will be
  clearly stated. A brief description of the
  advertising policy will be displayed on the site.
  Advertising and other promotional material will
  be presented to viewers in a manner and context
  that facilitates differentiation between it and
  the original material.

28
EVALUATING WEB SITES

• Look for all of the factors used for the HonCode
• Currency is the date displayed?
• Ease of use
• Loads in a reasonable amount of time
• Understandability
• AS WITH LITERATURE, NO PERFECT SITE

29
PROPER CITATION

• Author name (if given). Title of page (e.g. drug
  name) mongraph online. Title of Site. Date of
  monograph/site cited Year Month Day (when you
  looked at it e.g. 2000 Jun 5)number of
  screens (for the specific section e.g.your drug)
  . Available from URL http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/
  EID/eid.htm

30
WHEN TO USE THE INTERNET

• To access tertiary, secondary, or primary
  references
• If have a web address as a part of the question
• Company-specific information
• Package inserts
• Current news
• Government information
• Software-related needs
• When information is unlikely to be available
  elsewhere
• Alternative therapies, for example