Hindi

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Hindi Urdu Transliteration issues

• Rahmat Yousufzai and Amba Kulkarni

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Urdu Alphabet

• ? ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ? ?

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(No Transcript)
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Characteristics of Urdu alphabet

• Most of the Urdu characters join with the
  following character and make one ligature.
• Example ????? ??????
• This Urdu word is combination of 5 characters
• 5 4 3 2 1
• ? ? ? ? ?
• Urdu characters typically have different shapes
  in different positions beginning, middle, last.

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Characteristics contd ...

• Some characters do not join with the following
  character and are written in full form even if
  they come in a middle position.
• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
• Example
• ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????
  ???? ?????
• Please note that there is no space in between.

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Hindi Alphabet

• ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ?? ??
• ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ?
• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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Consonants missing in Hindi

• ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
• These characters do not exist in Hindi. They are
  borrowed from Arabic and are used for the words
  borrowed from Arabic/Persian only.

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contd2
? ? (Close to ? in Urdu with a minute difference in pronunciation. In Hindi ? is used to express these characters including ? ? ? ? ? In Hindi ? ?? Is used for all these characters. However most of the times ? is written without dot.
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Contd3
? Same as ? in Urdu with a minute difference in pronunciation. In Hindi ? is used for both the characters. ? This character is represented by ?? ? This character is represented by ?? But normally the dot is not used by Hindi writers.
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Contd4
? This is an Arabic consonant which is transliterated into Hindi as one of the vowels. ? Alif with some difference in pronunciation. Example ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
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Contd5

• If ? comes in between or as a last character
  then most of the Urdu speakers normally pronounce
  it as Alif but in poetry, special care is taken
  to pronounce it correctly.

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Contd6
? and ? have similar pronunciation and in Hindi ? is used to represent both the characters. ? This Character is same like F in English. This sound is represented by ? or ??. But many a times Hindi writers do not use the dot.
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Contd7

• ? This sound also does not exist in Hindi. To
  represent this character, ? or ?? is used.
  However normally Hindi writers do not use the dot.

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Contd8

• ? This is a Persian character and does not exist
  in Arabic. In Hindi this is represented by ? and
  ??.
• Example Television ???? ???? ?????????

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Contd9

• ? This is Do-chashmi He and gives its sound only
  when joined with certain characters.
• An important point to be notedArabic has a
  character ? ( do-chashmi he ). This character
  retains its shape only when it comes as first
  and middle position. In the last position it gets
  changed as ? (gola he ).
• Suggestion For Urdu we should use ? with
  unicode u06BE.

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Contd8

• ? Noon without dot (Noon Gunna)
• When this character comes in between the word
  then dot is marked. This creates ambiguity as it
  can be read as ?
• Example
• ???? ??????

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Urdu characters borrowed from Hindi

• ? ? ? ? ? ?, ?, ??
• These characters do not exist in Arabic or
  Persian. These have been borrowed from Hindi.

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Certain Hindi characters representation in Urdu

• ?? ??? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?
  ??
• ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ??, ?, ?, ?,
  ?These are the Hindi characters and are
  represented in Urdu by adding ? (Do-Chashmi He)
  to the initial character.

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Contd2

• ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ??
• There are no specific characters in Hindi.
  However the sound is represented as under.
• ??? , ?? , ???, ??? , ??? , ??, ??, ??

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Contd3

• Example??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????
  ????
• ???????, ??????, ???????, ?????, ???,
• ?????
• However in Urdu these words are also
  written as ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? But ????
  is written without change.

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Ambiguous Characters

• 1. aliph (? ) Ena (?)These two characters
  are pronounced differently, but Urdu speakers do
  not pay attention to the difference.
• Example ???(?? common) ? ?? (?? mango)

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Contd2

• 2. sa se (?), sIna (?), svAda (?)se (?) and
  svAda (?)
• These are purely arabic and Persian
  characters and are used in only Arabic or Persian
  words. Where as sIna (?) is used in Hindi, Urdu,
  Persian and Arabic.The above characters
  including ? are written as ? in Hindi.

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Contd3

• 3. Ta Te (?), Toya (?)Toya (?) is purely Arabic
  and Persian character and is used only in Persian
  and Arabic words.
• Both the characters are written as ? in
  Hindi.

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Contd4

• 4. he badI he (?) gola he (?)badI he (?) is
  Arabic/Persian character.
• gola he (?) is common in Arabic, Persian,
  Urdu and Hindi.
• Hindi equivalent for both ?

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Contd5

• 5. ja jAla (?), je (?), jvAda (?), joya (?),
• PArasI je (?)Z sound is not available in
  Hindi and almost in all Indian languages. Instead
  j is used.
• The sound of ja jAla (?), je (?), jvAxa (?),
  joya (?) are almost the same and all are
  Arabic/Persian characters.
• je (?) is purely Persian character and is not
  available in even Arabic.
• For all the above characters ? or ?? is
  used. Most of the times dot below is not written.

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Contd2

• It may be noted that if the next character
  after ?? is ?, ?, ?, ?, ? then it is pronounced
  as "??" otherwise it is pronounced as
  "??".Example
• 1., ??????, ?????, ?????????? ? ?????? ?
  ????
• 2. ????, ????, ????, ?????, ?????
• 3. ???, ???, ????, ????, ????

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Contd3 Also, when ?? comes as a last character of
the word then it gives the sound of
"??".Example???, ?????, ??????????
???? ??? Interestingly the
same rule of ?, ?, ?, ?, ? is applied in Urdu
also but mostly the character ? is used in
proper nouns and English words.Example ??????
????? ??????
??????, ???? ??????
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Contd4

• ?? This also is the combination of ? and
  ?Example It does not come as the first
  character of the word however it comes in the
  middle and last.Example??????????, ???????,
  ??????, ???
• ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  

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Contd6

• ?,?,?These characters do not exist in Urdu.
  Instead ? is used.Example??????, ???????
  ???? ?? ? ??????????(??? ??), ??????(????
  ??) ???? ? ????????, ??? ???? ? ???

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Contd7

• ?, ?These two characters have almost the same
  sound with a minute difference.In Uru there is
  only one character ? to express this
  sound.Example
• ?????,??????, ?????
• ????? ? ????? ? ???
• ????, ???????, ??????
• ???? ???? ????

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Diacritic marks in Urdu

• In Urdu, there are no Matras like Hindi.
• Urdu has some diacritic marks but uses them
  only in elementary books.

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Contd2

• Zabara ? This is placed above the character
  to indicate a consonant with ?.
• Ex- ?? ?Zer ? This is placed below the
  character and to indicate a vowel ? or ?.
• Ex- ?? ??, ??

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Contd3

• Pesh ? This is placed above the character
  and creates the sound of ? along with the sound
  of the character on which it is applied. Ex-
  ?? ??Jazama ? Equivalent of Halant in
  Devanagari
• Ex- ?? ?? ???? ????

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Contd4

• Tashdeed ? This is used for reduplication as
  in ???? _????? ????? ??????????? , ?????
  Do zabar ? This is placed above the last
  character Alif ( ? ) and gives the sound of n .
  It may be noted that the character just before
  Alif should be with Zabar.Example ????? ?????
  (the character ? is with Zabar but normally it
  is not written)

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Contd5

• Do zer ? This is placed above the last
  character Alif ( ? ) and gives the sound of n .
  It may be noted that the character just before
  Alif should be with zer but normally it is not
  written.Example ????? ??? ????? ????? ???
  ?????? (The character ? is with Zer )Ulta
  pesh ? This is placed above the character and
  gives the sound of oo (?)Example ????? ???? ?
  ????? ?????

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Contd6

• Khada zabar ? This adds the sound of Alif to the
  character on which it is applied. Mostly it is
  put on Choti ye and Badi ye (? ? ? ) and the
  efect of it ie Aa sound is transfered to the
  character earlier to Choti ye and Badi ye. It
  comes in the middle also and the character on
  which it is applied is added with the sound
  Aa.Example ????? ? ?????? ? ????
  ??? ???????? ?????

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Contd7

• Other Diacritic marks are pesh and khada zer.

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Gender

• Rules for gender in most of the words which
  have been derived from Hindi/Indian languages, do
  not change between Urdu and Hindi. But for some
  of the words which have been borrowed from Arabic
  or persian, the gender changes.vyavastha
  (feminine) ?????? (Masculine)aakarshan
  (Masculine) ??? (feminine)prakash (Masculine)
  ????? (feminine)

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Compound Words

• In Urdu two words are joined together.
• ( Same as in English where Apostrophe is used
  to join the words and Apostrophe gives the sense
  of "of"). In Urdu, the words are joined by
  "Izaafat". There are three types of Izaafat.

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Contd2

• 1. Zer ? is added after the first word and then
  the other word is written. Example ???? ??
  Most important thing is that there has to be
  space after zer ? other wise the words may join
  together and will be problematic to read
  correctly.Example ???? ??If space is not
  given then the word will appear like this. ??????

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Contd3

• 2. If the last character of the first word is
  "he" or "choti ye", then Hamza is added after the
  first word. Example ????? ??? ????? ???

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Contd4

• 3. If the last character of the first word is
  alif or wav then "Hamza Badi ye" is added after
  the first word.Example ???? ???? ??? ??

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Compound words without Izaafat

• Normally in Hindi some words are written
  togetherExample isaka, usaka, Taajmahal etc but
  in Urdu they are written separately.
• ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???It may be noted that if
  Tajmahal is written together then it will not be
  readable. ??????

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Typographical errors

• 1. In Urdu when choti ye ? and ? come as a
  last character of a word then it retains its
  original shape. But if it comes in middle then it
  is difficult to recognize because the appearance
  is same in hand written text and Word processing
  packages like Inpage. Unicode badi ye does not
  join with the following character. example ????
  ????

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Contd2

• In all Urdu packages this will be written as
  ???? which creates ambiguity and transliteration
  through machine becomes problematic.

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Contd3

• 2. There are certain characters in Urdu which
  do not join with the following character. These
  characters are ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? . Data
  entry operators do not care much to give space
  between the two words as it is difficult for them
  to notice the joined position of the words. Due
  to this machine takes the two words as one and
  fails to process the word.

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Contd4

• 3. The diacritic marks are ignored in Urdu and
  hence apparently there is no difference between
• ?? ?? and ?? ??

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Ambiguity

• ??? ??? (noun)
• ??? ??? (verb)
• In Urdu both words are written in the same way
  but meaning is different. The spelling in Hindi
  is also different.