Muslim Empire and Coexistence

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Muslim Empire and Coexistence
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Arabic Invasion

• 711 Tarik crosses the Strait of Gibraltar

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Summary of Periods of Islamic Spanish Occupation
711-1492

• I. Al-Andalus (711-56)
• --Berber expansion, period of conquest and
  consolidation
• II. Independent Umayyad Emirate (756-929)
• --Cordoba established by Abd al Rahman I as
  capital
• III. Umayyad Caliphate (929-1031)
• --Abd alRahman III (caliph)
• --advisers wazirs
• IV. Taifa Kingdoms (1031-1090)
• V. Almoravides and Almohades occupation
  (1090-1212)
• VI. Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1235-1492)

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1150
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1300
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Society in Al-Andalus

• Characterized for tolerance toward Christians and
  Jews
• Peoples of the Book
• Center for knowledge and learning in Middle Ages
  (the Great Library of Cordoba)

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Contributions

• Influence on language (vocabulary, mozarabic
  dialect
• Art and architecture
• Literature (oriental tales)
• Daily life
• More advanced than Latin culture in the sciences,
  astronomy, medicine, mathematics, philosophy,
  literature, construction, comforts of daily life
  (baths), agronomy.

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Society in Al-Andalus

• Mozarabic (mustarab) a Christian living in
  Muslim Spain, who conserved their eclesiastical,
  judicial and religious organizations.
• Muladí (muwaladi) a Hispanic Christian who
  converted to Islam during the period of Muslim
  rule.
• Jews allowed to practice own religion and
  conserve own community structure.
• In Christian territory Mudejar (mudayyan)
  Muslim permitted to live under Christian
  domination conserving own religion.

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Language Influence

• Guadalajaralt "río de piedra"
• Guadalquivir lt "río grande"
• Gibraltar lt "monte de Tarik"
• Algebra, alcalde, ajedrez
• Ojalá May Allah grant

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Arquitecture
Mezquita de Córdoba
Alcázar, Sevilla
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Interior of the mezquita in Córdoba
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Giralda de Sevilla
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La Alhambra, Granada
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Jarchas

• tanto amare tanto amarehabîb tanto
  amareenfermeron olios nidiose dolen tan
  maleTanto amar, tanto amar,amigo, tanto
  amar!Enfermaron unos ojos brillantesy duelen
  tan mal!

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Characteristics

• Appear at the end of a much longer poem in
  Classical Arabic or Hebrew called muwuassahs
  (collar de perlas) moaxaja, muvaschaja
• Language romance (mozarabic)
• Many times the poetic voice is female
• Amorous themes predominate
• Simple structures, parallelistic
• Popular in nature and anonymous
• The same jarcha appears at the end of different
  muwuassahs

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The Structure of a moaxaja

•         a ________      b ________     cabeza
  (markaz)      a ________
•         d __________      d __________ 
  mudanza (dyuz)      d __________
•         b __________  vuelta (qufl)       a
  __________ 
•         e __________      e __________  
  mudanza      e __________
•         b __________      a __________  
  jarcha

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Hebraic Jarcha
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Ibn Hazm of Córdoba (994-1063)

• Wrote Tawq al-hamamah The Doves Necklace (c.
  1020) a treaty about love and lovers in verse and
  prose that includes autobiographical and
  historical details.
• Kitab al-Fisal, a history of religions that was
  not surpassed by Western scholars until well into
  the 19th century

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Ibn Sina (Avicenna) ??-1037

• A universal scholar, the most influential
  philosopher and physician of the Islamic east in
  the Middle Ages, who interpreted Greek
  metaphysics in the framework of Islam.
• Known in the West as the Galen of the Moslem
  world.

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Avicennas Canon of Medicine

• Surveys the entire medical knowledge available
  from ancient and Muslim sources
• Includes such advances as the recognition of the
  contagious nature of tuberculosis, distribution
  of diseases by water and soil, and the
  interaction between psychology and health
• Describes 760 drugs
• First to describe meningitis
• Contributionn to anatomy, gynaecology and child
  health

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Avicenna

• Wrote numerous works on medicine, a philosophical
  dictionary, astronomy, mathematics, music,
  theology, physical sciences and poetry
• Neoplatonic outlook in his summaries of Aristotle
  with an emphasis on the dualism of mind and
  matter. Saw matter as passive and creation as the
  act of instilling existence in this passive
  material only in God are being and existence
  one.
• Said that cause and effect are simultaneous and
  therefore God and the world are co-eternal that
  God created intelligence or the soul, and these
  emanate from the heavens and reach the earth in
  huge chains, intelligence being sustained by God.

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Averroes (1126-1198)

• Andalusian qadi, physician, philosopher in the
  Aristotelian tradition, and author of important
  commentaries on the works of Aristotle, as well
  as on music, astronomy, medicine and
  jurisprudence (over 20,000 pages).

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Averroes

• Deeply influenced Christian and Jewish thinkers
• Called the commentator by Thomas Aquinas.
• Composed 38 treatises on works of Aristotle
• Controversial figure among the anti-philosophical
  forces, was exiled and his books were burned.
• Theories of the evolution of pre-existent forms
  and of the intellect anticipated modern concepts.

• Taught that there is one eternal truth that can
  be seen in two ways the way of revelation and
  the way of natural knowledge, with the aid of
  Aristotle and other philosophers
• Double truth a proposition may be theologically
  true and philosophically untrue and vice versa

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Jews in la Peninsula

• In the peninsula since the time of the Romans
• Lived separately from the Christian community
• Were persecuted by the Visigoths
• Maintained good relations with the Muslim
  community
• Important philosophers (Maimónides), poets and
  translators

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Maimonides 1135-1204

• Enormous influence on European thought
• Wrote works in Arabic
• Guide to the Perplexed An effective synthesis of
  medieval Judaism with the philosophy of
  Aristotle Reason is the primary source of human
  knowledge, but it remains acceptable to rely on
  faith in cases beyond the reach of rationality.
  Suggests philosophical reasoning not helpful to
  most ordinary people who are advised to rely on
  faith.
• Book of Commandments codified Talmudic law.

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Bibliography

• http//www.sumadrid.es/ariza/alandalus/hmalanda.ht
  m
• http//www.legadoandalusi.es/legado_es.html
• http//www.museosefardi.net/
• http//www.cla.umn.edu/courses/span3xxx/egea/andal
  us/index.htm