How Did We Get the Bible?

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How Did We Get the Bible?
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How We Got the Bible

• Lesson Three
• The History of the
  English Bible

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Am I A Soldier of the Cross?Isaac Watts 1724
Must I be carried to the skies on flowry beds
of ease, while others fought to win the prize and
sailed through bloody seas?...
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Translation of the New Testament
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The Translation of the Bible
Syriac 200s
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Early Translations Syriac

• In the 2nd 3rd cent-uries the Bible was
  translated into Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic used
  in the region of Antioch.
• The most widely accepted version was called the
  Peshitta, meaning Pure.

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The Translation of the Bible
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
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Early Translations Coptic

• In the 2nd 3rd centuries the Bible was
  translated into Coptic, the form of Egyptian in
  use at the time.
• The Greek alphabet was adopted with a few added
  letters,
  under
  the influence
  of Bible
  translators.

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The Translation of the Bible
Gothic 300s
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
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Early Translations Gothic

• About 350 Wulfilas, began to translate portions
  of the Bible into the Gothic language of the
  Goths of Dacia.
• Wulfilas had to invent an alphabet for Gothic in
  order to even make a translation.

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The Translation of the Bible
Latin 200s
Gothic 300s
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
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Early Translations Old Latin

• In the 2nd 3rd centuries the Bible was
  translated into Latin, rapidly growing to be the
  language of the Roman empire.

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The Translation of the Bible
Latin 200s
Armenian 400s
Gothic 300s
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
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Early Translations Armenian

• In the 5th century Mesrop invented alphabets for
  Aremenian Georgian in order to translate the
  Bible into these languages.
• These alphabets are still in use.

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The Translation of the Bible
Latin 200s
Armenian 400s
Gothic 300s
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
Ethiopic 500s
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Early Translations Ethiopic

• In the 4th century the New Testament was
  translated into Ethiopic (or Geez).
• Jews had been in Ethiopia for some time.
• The Old Testament was translated into Ethiopic
  well before this.

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The Translation of the Bible
Slavonic 800s
Latin 200s
Armenian 400s
Gothic 300s
Syriac 200s
Coptic 200s
Ethiopic 500s
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Early Translations Slavonic

• In the 800s Cyril Methodius, two brothers,
  taught among the Slavs.
• To translate the Bible they too had to invent an
  alphabet for their language, now called Old
  Church Slavonic.
• Russian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.

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Into All the World
And He said to them, Go into all the world and
preach the gospel to every creature. He who
believes and is baptized will be saved but he
who does not believe will be condemned. (Mark
1615,16)
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How Shall They Hear?
How shall they call on Him in whom they have not
believed? And how shall they believe in Him of
whom they have not heard? And how shall they
hear without a preacher? (Romans 1014)
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The Teaching of Ezra
So they read distinctly from the book of the Law
of God and they gave the sense, and helped them
understand. (Nehemiah 88)
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Jesus Was Proclaimed

• Without cell phones.
• Without the internet.
• Without computers.
• Without printing presses.
• Without airplanes.
• Without automobiles.

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The Latin Vulgate
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Jerome (ca. 342-420)

• Trained as a boy in Greek Latin classics and
  grammar.
• Studied Hebrew in a cave for some time.
• Found the Latin Bible texts of his day coarse.

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Jerome (ca. 342-420)

• In Constantinople, served as the secretary to
  pope Damasus.
• Damasus assigned him to work on a new Latin
  translation.

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Jerome (ca. 342-420)

• Commenting on the confusing state of Old Latin
  Bible texts of his day, he once said
• There are almost as many forms of the text as
  there are copies.

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Jerome (ca. 342-420)

• Commenting on Old Testament apocryphal texts said
  they were like
• The crazy wanderings of a man whose senses have
  taken leave of him.
• Did not believe they were canonical.

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Jerome (ca. 342-420)

• Traveling to Palestine and comparing different
  manuscripts, Jerome (with others) prepared the
  first critical Latin translation of the Bible in
  405.

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The Latin Vulgate

• Was written in Vulgar (i.e. Common) Latin, for
  the common man.
• The Vulgate came to be viewed as the official
  authorized version of Western Europe for 1000
  years.

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C The Latin Vulgate

• Was a translation. (The original Biblical texts
  were in Hebrew Latin).
• Was intended for the common man.
• Represented excellent scholarship, but was not
  flawless.

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C The Latin Vulgate

• Was a translation. (The original Biblical texts
  were in Hebrew Latin).
• Was intended for the common man.
• Represented excellent scholarship, but was not
  flawless.

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C The Latin Vulgate

• Was a translation. (The original Biblical texts
  were in Hebrew Latin).
• Was intended for the common man.
• Represented excellent scholarship, but was not
  flawless.

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Test All Things

• Test all things hold fast what is good.
• (1 Thessalonians 521)

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The Possibility of Apostasy

• For the time will come when they will not endure
  sound doctrine, but according to their own
  desires because they have itching ears

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The Possibility of Apostasy

• they will heap up for them-selves teachers and
  they will turn their ears away from the truth and
  be turned aside to fables.
• (1 Timothy 43,4)

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It is Right To

• Make certain that copies of texts are accurate
• Make certain that translations are accurate
• This does not reflect a lack of trust in God or
  the inspiration of Scripture

In the days of Josiah the Book of the Law was
lost!
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The Middle Ages
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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• Only the wealthy could afford Bibles.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• All copies were made by a scribe, by hand.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• The common man was not encouraged to read the
  Bible.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• Bibles were so expensive they were chained to
  pulpits.
• Roman Catholic
  church
  dominated
  Western
  Europe.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• The first Bible Luther ever saw was chained to a
  library wall.
• The Bible in
  many ways
  was chained.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• Preaching was in Latin even when it was no
  longer spoken.
• Latin had become
  the lang-
  uage of
  Europes
  scholars.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• The Latin Vulgate was the only Bible accepted by
  the Catholic church in Western Europe.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• The common people were ignorant of Gods word.

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The Bible in the Middle Ages

• This was rightly called the Dark Ages

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Lack of Knowledge
My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.
Because you have rejected knowledge, I also will
reject you from being priest for Me Because you
have forgotten the law of your God, I also will
forget your children. (Hosea 46)
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Shutting Off the Word
But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees,
hypocrites! For you shut up the kingdom of
heaven against men for you neither go in
yourselves, nor do you allow those who are
entering to go in. (Matthew 2313)
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The Renaissance the Reformation
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Three Things
That Changed History

• The Printing Press
• Christian Humanism.
• The Protestant Reformation

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Three Things
That Changed History

• The Printing Press
• Christian Humanism.
• The Protestant Reformation

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Three Things
That Changed History

• The Printing Press
• Christian Humanism.
• The Protestant Reformation

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Papermaking

• Although paper-making was invented in China in
  105 AD, it did not make its way to Europe until
  950.
• The first paper mill in Europe was set up Spain
  in 1150.
• This made book mak-ing easier and cheaper.

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The Printing Press

• In 1452 Johannes Gutenberg succeeded in operating
  the first printing press with moveable type.
• The first printed publication was a papal
  indulgence granting forgiveness of sins to the
  bearer.

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The 42 Line Bible

• In 1457 Gutenberg began printing the so-called
  42 Line Bible. A printed edition of the Latin
  Vulgate named for its 42 lines per page.
• Typesetters took an entire day to layout one page
  of text.

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Christian Humanism

• From the 14th -16th centuries a move spread
  across Europe known as Humanism.
• Unlike modern humanism which sees man as the sum
  of all things, Christian humanism, fostered an
  appreciation for what man could do with the
  abilities God had given them.
• This movement led to an appreciation of classical
  learning (and texts) with a strong desire to look
  back to original sources.

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Desiderius Erasmus

• In 1504 Erasmus read a work by Lorenzo Valla
  entitled Annotations on the New Testament.
• Valla sought to look back to the original
  language of Scripture to overcome false concepts
  that had arisen over time.

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Desiderius Erasmus

• Erasmus was intrigued and set himself to the task
  of comparing manuscripts of the Greek New
  Testament to analyze the text.
• In 1516 Erasmus
  published the first
  critical edition of the
  Greek NT with the
  Vulgate in a
  parallel
  column. In 1518 he
  replaced the Vulgate
  with his own
  translation.

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Desiderius Erasmus 1469-1536

• In the preface to his 1516 edition of the Greek
  New Testament says
• I wish that the Scriptures might be translated
  into all languages so that not only the Scot and
  the Irish, but also the Turk and the Saracen
  might read and understand them

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Desiderius Erasmus 1469-1536

• Then I long that the farm-laborer might sing
  them as he follows the plough, the weaver hum
  them to tune of his shuttle, the traveler beguile
  the weariness of the journey with their stories.
  

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Robert Stephanus

• In 1550 Robert Estienne (Lat. Stephanus)
  published a revision in Geneva of Erasmus text
  making use of more manuscripts.
• Stephanus setup the
  chapter and verse
  divisions in use today.
• Stephanus work came
  to be known as the
  Text received by all
  or Textus
  Receptus.

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The Protestant Reformation

• In 1517 a German monk named Martin Luther
  challenged the Catholic churchs practice of
  selling indulgences.
• Although originally inter-
  ested in only reforming
  Catholicism, Luthers
  ideas spawned a movement
  throughout Europe which
  rejected the
  authority of
  Rome.

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Luthers Bible

• A motto of this reformation was sola scriptura
  the Scriptures alone.
• In 1522, using Erasmus
  Greek NT Luther made
  the first translation of the
  NT in German from
  the
  original Greek.
• This became the Bible of
  many Protestants and
  fueled the desire
  of other
  reformers to possess the
  Bible in their own tongue.

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Martin Luther 1483-1546

• Commenting on the Bible, said
• No clearer Book has been written in this wide
  world than the Holy Scriptures. Compared with all
  other books it is like the sun over all other
  lights

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Martin Luther 1483-1546

• Don't let them lead you out of and away from
  it, much as they may try to do so. For if you
  step out, you are lost they take you wherever
  they wish. If you remain within, you will be
  victorious.

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The Bible is Sufficient

• All Scripture is given by inspir-ation of God,
  and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for
  corr-ection, for instruction in righteous-ness,
  that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly
  equipped for every good work.
• (2 Timothy 316, 17)

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The Bible is Sufficient

• From childhood you have known the Holy
  Scriptures, which are able to make you wise unto
  salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus
  
• (2 Timothy 315)

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Man Needs No

• Priest to interpret them
• Council to define them
• Additional revelation to understand them
• Great Intellect to comprehend them

God knows how to Speak!
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Understanding Through Reading

• When you read, you may understand my knowledge
  in the mystery of Christ.
• (Ephesians 34)

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The Bible into English
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Beginnings of an English Bible

• In 735 Aldhelm Bede translated the gospel of
  John into Anglo-Saxon, an ancient form of
  English.
• In the 800s King Alfred distributed
  Exodus, Psalms and Acts to
  the people in Anglo-Saxon.
• No manuscripts of
  these works have survived.

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The Lindisfarne Gospels

• In 950 a priest named Aldred wrote Anglo-Saxon
  translations above the Latin text of an older
  manuscript of the gospels origin-ally produced
  at Lindisfarne.

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The Wycliffe Bible

• John Wycliffe, led a group of priests who
  believed that preaching should be done in the
  language of the people, not Latin. These were
  later called sarcastically Lollards meaning
  mutterers. He died in 1384.

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The Wycliffe Bible

• In 1395 one of Wycliffes followers John Purvey,
  published the first entire translation of the
  Bible into English from the Latin. In 1408 it
  was outlawed.

• In 1428, Pope Martin V ordered Wycliffes body
  exhumed, burned and the ashes scattered on a
  stream near his house.

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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Tyndale 1526
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The Tyndale Bible

• William Tyndale came to Cambridge shortly after
  Erasmus left.
• He was very inter-ested in Erasmus writings and
  became skilled in Greek.

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The Tyndale Bible

• In response to laws forbidding the translation of
  the Bible into English, William Tyndale went to
  Germany, where he translated the New Testament
  into English from the Greek.

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William Tyndale 1494-1536

• To a one who was critical of his plan to
  translate the Bible into English
• If God spare my life, ere many years pass, I
  will cause a boy that driveth the plough shall
  know more of Scriptures than thou dost.

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The Tyndale Bible

• Tyndales New Testament was published in 1526 and
  smuggled into England. Officials burned all
  copies they could find.

• In 1536 he was arrested, strangled and burned at
  the stake.
• His dying words were, Lord, open the King of
  Englands eyes!

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The Tyndale Bible

• The Tyndale Bible introduced many words into
  English for which he could find no existing word
  (e.g long-suffering).

• The Tyndale Bible was more literal in some
  passages than some versions which followed it.
  

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The Tyndale Bible
But and yf I tarie longe, that then thou mayst
yet have knowledge how thou oughtest to behave
thyselfe in the housse of God, which is the
congregacion of the livinge God, the pillar and
grounde of trueth (1 Timothy 315)
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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Coverdale 1535
Tyndale 1526
Matthews 1537
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The Coverdale Bible

• Miles Coverdale, also worked in
  Germany with Tyndale and
  supported
  Luthers
  reforms.

• In 1535 he published a complete translation of
  the entire Bible into English.
• He used Latin German texts for the Old
  Testament.

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The Matthews Bible

• In 1537 another friend of Tyndale, John Rogers,
  published another complete Bible, making use of
  some of Tyndales unpublished notes.
• Rogers gave credit for
  the work to Thomas
  Matthew, but he is
  believed to have done
  most of the
  translation.

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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Coverdale 1535
Tyndale 1526
Matthews 1537
Great Bible 1539
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The Great Bible

• In 1537 Coverdale was commissioned by Thomas
  Cromwell, the chancellor
  of England to
  revise the Matthews
  Bible.

• The Great Bible was published in 1539 with the
  sanction of Henry VIII and used Hebrew texts for
  the Old Testament.

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Cromwell Cranmer

• Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIIIs chancellor, did a
  great deal to move the crown towards allowing an
  English Bible.
• He is pictured to the right of the King on the
  title page of the Great Bible.
• In 1540 he was executed by Henry VIII.

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Cromwell Cranmer

• Thomas Cranmer, was Archbishop of Canterbury
  during the reign of Henry VIII. He also did a
  great deal to move the crown towards allowing an
  English Bible.
• He is pictured to the left of the King on the
  title page of the Great Bible.
• In 1556 he was burned at the stake by the
  Catholic Mary I.

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The Great Bible
Cranmer
Cromwell
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The Council of Trent

• In response to the rise of Protestantism a
  Council of Catholic theologians declared on April
  8, 1546 that the Vulgate was the sole
  authoritative text in matters of faith morals.

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The Clementine Vulgate

• The council did acknowledge that the Vulgate was
  not without its imperfections and called for new
  revisions and corrections.
• The final revision of Pope Clement VIII, in 1592,
  is the Clementine Vulgate.

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Mary I - Bloody Mary

• A strict Catholic, Mary Tudor persecuted Puritans
  and other Protestants.
• Public reading of the Bible in English was
  outlawed.
• Thomas Cranmer John Rogers, the translator of
  the Matthews Bible, were burned at the stake.
• Miles Coverdale, barely escaped from her alive.

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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Coverdale 1535
Tyndale 1526
Matthews 1537
Great Bible 1539
Geneva 1560
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The Geneva Bible

• When Mary I came to the throne in 1553 and sought
  to reaffirm Catholicism in England,
  persecuted Puritans fled to Geneva.

• There in 1557, William Whittingham, John Calvins
  brother-in-law, produced a revision of the Great
  Bible including Calvins notes in the margins.

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The Geneva Bible

• This was the Bible the Pilgrims used.

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The Geneva Bible

• Calvins Notes on Romans 512
• 512 10 Wherefore, as by l one man m sin
  entered into the world, and death by sin and so
  death passed upon all men, n for that all have
  sinned
• (10) From Adam, in whom all have sinned, both
  guiltiness and death (which is the punishment of
  the guiltiness) came upon all. (m) By sin is
  meant that disease which is ours by inheritance,
  and men commonly call it original sin(n) That
  is, in Adam.

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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Coverdale 1535
Tyndale 1526
Matthews 1537
Great Bible 1539
Bishops 1535
Geneva 1560
Rheims-Douay 1582
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The Bishops Bible

• In 1568 Elizabeth I, unhappy with the Calvinistic
  notes in the Geneva Bible, assigned Matthew
  Parker to revise the Great Bible.
• Parker worked with eight Bishops and produced the
  Bishops Bible, to be placed in every church.

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Rheims-Douay Bible

• By the late 1500s, Rome finally accepted that an
  English Bible inevitable.
• In 1582 Gregory Martin published a New Test-ament
  for Catholics from the Latin Vulgate in Rheims.
• The Old Testament was published in 1609 from
  Douay.

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The British Throne

• Henry VIII
• 1509-1547
• Edward VI
• 1547-1553
• Mary I
• 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I
• 1558-1603
• James I
• 1603-1625

Coverdale 1535
Tyndale 1526
Matthews 1537
Great Bible 1539
Bishops 1535
Geneva 1560
Rheims-Douay 1582
King James 1611
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The King James Version

• King James I, in line with an agreement he had
  made with Puritan leaders, assigned 54 scholars
  to create an Authorized Version.
• Scholars from Oxford, Cambridge West-minster
  worked in 6 groups, who compared and checked one
  another.

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The King James Version

• In 1611 (after 7 years), it was published being
  the first English version with no doctrinal
  notes.
• It is estimated to follow 80-90 of Tyndales
  text.
• In 1873 the Church of England issued a revision
  which is what is called today the King James
  Version.

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The King James Version
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The Look Changes

• Peter sayde unto them repent and be baptised
  every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for
  the remission of synnes
• Tyndale Bible - 1535 (Acts 238)
• Peter sayde unto them repent of youre synnes,
  and be baptysed every one of you in the name of
  Jesus Christ for the remission of synnes
• Great Bible 1540 (Acts 238)

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The Look Changes

• Then Peter sayd unto them, Amende your lyves,
  and be baptized everie one of you in the Name of
  Jesus Christ for the remission of sinnes
• Geneva Bible 1562 (Acts 238)
• Then Peter sayd unto them, Repent ye, and let
  every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus
  Christ for the remission of sinnes
• Bishops Bible - 1602 (Acts 238)

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The Meaning Remains the Same

• Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be
  baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus
  Christ for the remission of sins
• King James Version (Acts 238)

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It Is Clear That

• God preserves His Word.
• We must be diligent to guard the accuracy of
  translations and the texts behind them.
• The Bible we read came to us by the shed blood of
  others.
• The Bible still teaches the way of salvation.

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The Preservation of Gods Word
For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and
earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no
means pass from the law till all is
fulfilled. (Matthew 518)
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The Preservation of Gods Word
...All flesh is as grass, And all the glory of
man as the flower of the grass. The grass
withers, And its flower falls away, But the word
of the LORD endures forever... (1 Peter 124-25)
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It Is Clear That

• God preserves His Word.
• We must be diligent to guard the accuracy of
  translations and the texts behind them.
• The Bible we read came to us by the shed blood of
  others.
• The Bible still teaches the way of salvation.

112
It Is Clear That

• God preserves His Word.
• We must be diligent to guard the accuracy of
  translations and the texts behind them.
• The Bible we read came to us by the shed blood of
  others.
• The Bible still teaches the way of salvation.

113
It Is Clear That

• God preserves His Word.
• We must be diligent to guard the accuracy of
  translations and the texts behind them.
• The Bible we read came to us by the shed blood of
  others.
• The Bible still teaches the way of salvation.

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