Unit Four

1
Unit Four
2
Language Structure
See the following sentences and pay attention to
the grammar rules they use

• I would have liked to sign up, but I sprained my
  ankle.
• She should / ought to have had more oral practice
  during the term.
• 3. He may / might have gone without you.
• 4. She cant / couldnt have gone to the library.
• She must have gone to the language lab.
• 5. You may / might as well use my bike.

3
Practice 1.Would have liked to (do) used with
the first person to express the speakers wish
that was not fulfilled. I intended to go skating
with you yesterday but I couldnt because my
mother didnt let me. Response I would have
liked to go skating with you yesterday , but my
mother didnt let me. I meant to sit in on
Professor Wangs class (??)this morning but I
didn't because I had an meeting to attend.
ResponseI would have liked to sit in on
Professor Wang's class this morning, but I didn't
because I had an meeting to attend.
4
I intended to take part in the basketball match
yesterday afternoon but I couldn't because I had
a bad fall yesterday morning. Response I would
have liked to take part in the basketball match
yesterday afternoon, but I had a bad fall
yesterday morning. I planned to lend you my
cassette recorder, but I didn't, because it was
out of order. Response I would have
liked to lend you my cassette recorder, but it
was out of order.
5
Practice 2. should / ought to perfect
infinitive, indicating a past obligation that was
not fulfilled. 1) The exhibition was a good
one. All of us visited it except John.
Response John should / ought to have come with
us. 2) We all learned a lot from the lecture,
but Li didn't attend it. Response Li ought to
/ should have attended the lecture. 3) The
engineer went to the research institute without
an umbrella and was caught in the rain. Response
The engineer ought to / should have taken an
umbrella with him.)
6
Practice 3. needn't perfect infinitive,
indicating something that was unnecessarily done
in the past. 1) I wrote a summary in more than
five hundred words. But the teacher only asked
for 200 words. Response I needn't have
written such a long summary. 2) Lin answered
all the ten questions in the test paper. But we
were only required to answer eight of them.
Response Lin needn't have answered all the
ten questions in the test paper. 3) Mary went
to the station an hour before the train started.
Response Mary needn't have gone to the station
so early.
7
Practice 4. may / might perfect infinitive,
indicating speculations about past actions 1)
Where is Susan? I want to go to the canteen with
her. Response She may / might have gone there
already.) 2) It's a fortnight since Sun went
to the South and we haven't got a word from him.
I wonder if he has forgotten us all. Response
He may / might have been very busy with his work
there. 3) Sid told me he'd let me have the
library book after he'd finished with it. It's a
week since he said that and he still hasn't given
me the book. Response He may / might have
returned the book to the library.
He may / might not have finished reading it
yet.)
8
Practice 5. can't / couldn't perfect
infinitive, indicating negative deduction about
past actions. 1) Where is my typewriter? Someone
must have stolen it last night. Response
It was here a moment ago. It couldn't have been
stolen last night. 2) Keith ought to be here
now. Perhaps he's lost his way. Response I told
him how to come and I even drew him a map. He
cant have lost his way . 3) Who brought the
refrigerator upstairs? Perhaps it was Tim.
Response Tim's not that strong. He couldn't
have brought it by himself.
9
Practice 7. May / might as well used with the
second person pronoun expressing suggestions
1) For all the improvement you've made in the
past year, you might as well give up
singing. ???????????????,?????????? might as
well as???? 1)You might as well throw your
money into the sea as lend it to him.
?????????????? 2) You might as well ask the tree
for help as request him to reduce the price.
?????????????????
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Language Structure
Practice 1
A Everybody signed up for the sports meeting,
but (I didn't see your name.) B I didn't sign
up. A (Why not?) B I would have liked to, but
I sprained my ankle
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• sign up for ????
• ???????????
• Lucy decided to sign up for yoga classes.
• 2. sprain twist ??
• His sprained ankle has puffed up.
• ????????????
• He had little chance to win after he sprained his
  wrist.
• ??????,?????????

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Language Structure
Practice 2
A Lin failed in her oral English test again. B
she should / ought to have had more oral practice
all through the term. A She learnt all the
dialogues in the textbook by heart, though. B
But thats no use. As a matter of fact, she
neednt have done that.
13
Language Structure
Practice 3
A I wonder where Zhang can be. B Did you have
an appointment with him? A Yes. He said hed
meet me at half past eight and take me to the
public library. It is about a quarter to nine
now. B He may / might have gone without you. A.
Maybe, but he ought to have told me so.
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Language Structure
Practice 4
A Is Liu in the gym? B No, I dont think so. A
Can / Could she have gone to the library? B No,
she cant / couldnt have gone there. I just saw
her going out with a tape in her hand. A In that
case, she must have gone to the language lab.
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Language Structure
Practice 5
A Its getting very late. I must be off. B Oh,
I didnt realize it was so late. A I hope Ill
be able to catch the last bus home. B Why dont
you use my bike? You might as well. Or You may /
might as well use my bike. The last bus might
have gone.
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• People around the world watched Britain's Prince
  William and Kate Middleton get married. The royal
  wedding broke records for live streaming on the
  Internet. It also produced more than two million
  tweets on Twitter.
• The ceremony took place Friday at Westminster
  Abbey in London.
• (SOUND Music)
• KATE (AFTER ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY) "I,
  Catherine Elizabeth, take thee, William Arthur
  Philip Louis, to my wedded husband, to have and
  to hold from this day forward ... "
• Kate wore a flowing white gown designed by Sarah
  Burton, the creative director of Alexander
  McQueen. William wore a red military uniform.
• Hats were a big fashion statement. Many of those
  invited wore them.

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• It was Britain's biggest wedding since William
  and Harry's parents, Prince Charles and Princess
  Diana, were married in nineteen eighty-one.
• Nearly two thousand guests filled the church on
  Friday. Westminster Abbey was where the funeral
  for William's mother took place after Diana died
  in a car crash in nineteen ninety-seven.
• Hundreds of thousands of people filled the
  streets and parks of London to watch the wedding
  on video screens.
• (SOUND Crowds)

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• Among the wedding guests were English football
  star David Beckham and his wife Victoria, British
  Prime Minister David Cameron, the king of Norway
  and singer Elton John.
• Bahrain's crown prince was invited but decided
  not to attend because of unrest in his country.
  Britain withdrew an invitation to the ambassador
  from Syria over violence against protesters
  there.
• After the ceremony, the royal couple traveled to
  Buckingham Palace. Crowds cheered when the
  newlyweds appeared on a balcony and shared a
  short public kiss, and then a longer one.
• Later, William drove his wife out of Buckingham
  Palace in an open-top Aston Martin car.
• William and the newest member of the royal family
  will now be known as the Duke and Duchess of
  Cambridge.

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• Kate is twenty-nine year old. William will be
  twenty-nine in June. His grandmother is Queen
  Elizabeth. His father, Prince Charles, is first
  in line to become king. William, as the older
  son, is second in line. Kate would not become
  queen, however, since she is not in the royal
  blood line.
• There was a big celebration at the University of
  St. Andrews in Scotland. That was where William
  and Kate first met as art history students in two
  thousand one.
• Many Americans woke up before sunrise to watch
  the wedding. And thousands of people traveled to
  Britain to join the celebration, including this
  Australian woman.
• WOMAN "Were all part of history. Its just a
  wonderful experience."
• And that's IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. To
  see pictures of the wedding and to share your
  comments, go to fudu365.com. I'm Steve Ember.

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Dialogue I
Pollution Control
Think it

• Why is London no longer a city full of fog?
• How is the pollution problem in China?
• What problems does the car bring?

21
Dialogue I
Pollution Control
Read
Please read the dialogue loudly with feeling
and expression.
22
Dialogue I
Language Points
1
a man with good eyesight to his home in a dense
fog.
1.eyesight the faculty of vision
1.????????? His eyesight is becoming
progressively worse. 2.??????? He has poor
eyesight. 3.?????????? The house is within
eyesight.
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Dialogue I
Language Points
1
a man with good eyesight to his home in a dense
fog.
2. Dense fog ?? 1.??????????,?????? Dense fog
is covering roads in the north and visibility is
very poor. 2.  ?????????????? One or two of the
students in my class are a bit dense.
  3.????????????????? They hewed their way
through the dense jungle.
24
Dialogue I
Language Points
2
since the Clean Air Act was enforced in 1956.
Clean Air Act This was the result of the
recommendations made by the Beaver Committee
which was set up to inquire into the question of
urban pollution in Britain. The committee was so
named because its chairman was Sir Hugh Beaver.
25
Dialogue I
Language Points
2
since the Clean Air Act was enforced in 1956.
Enforce This was the result of the
recommendations made by the Beaver Committee
which was set up to inquire into the question of
urban pollution in Britain. The committee was so
named because its chairman was Sir Hugh Beaver.
26
Dialogue I
Language Points
2
since the Clean Air Act was enforced in 1956.
Enforce 1.??impose You can't enforce
cooperation between the players. ???????????????
Don't enforce your will on the child,
please. ??????????????
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Dialogue I
Language Points
2
since the Clean Air Act was enforced in 1956.
2.????implement The school will strictly
enforce the dress code. ????????????? Policemen
and judges enforce the law. ??????????
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Dialogue I
Language Points
2
since the Clean Air Act was enforced in 1956.
3.?? strengthen Have you any statistics that
would enforce your argument? ??????????????????
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Dialogue I
Language Points
3
The Thames is swarming with fish.
The Thames The River Thames is famous
throughout the World for its history, its culture
and its amazing variety of wildlife, archaeology
and scenery. If you ask a Londoner what is the
Citys greatest asset - or one of the thousands
of boaters in punts or cruisers up and down the
river, or people from rural Oxfordshire what they
think of when the River Thames springs into their
minds - they will each come up with a whole host
of reasons to spend time by the River Thames.
30
Dialogue I
Language Points
3
swarm move in large numbers 1.???,????????? Man
y students swarm into the canteen after
class. 2.?????,??????????? The crowd swarmed out
of the cinema after the film ended.
3.???????????? The castle swarmed with
sightseers.
31
Dialogue I
Language Points
I wish we could do away with air pollution and
dust here.
4
Do away with eliminate, get rid of 1.   The
government did away with free school meals.
????????????????? 2. Do I have to do away with
my habit? ???????????? 3. do away with ones
shortcomings do away with superstitions and
emancipate the mind
32
Dialogue I
Language Points
5
It has been tormenting us for years.
torment torture, distress 1. n. That child is a
torment to his parents. ?????????????? 2. v.
Seth was tormented by feelings of
guilt. ??????????
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Dialogue I
Language Points
Perhaps its difficult to bring pollution
completely under control.
6
1.The prime minister issued a statement saying
the offensive was targeting "outlaws" in Basra
and was designed to bring the southern city under
government control. ??????????,???????????????,???
????????????????
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Dialogue I
Language Points
7
Take drastic measures
adj.   1.??? His view brings a drastic
argument. ???????????? 2.???Talk to me before
you do anything drastic. ????????????????? 3.???
Drastic measures will have to be taken to
restore order. ??????????????
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Reading I
Environmental Pollution
1. What is environmental pollution? 2. How do
people pollute the area? 3. Why is environmental
pollution is one of the most serious problems
that mankind faces today? 4. Why is the pollution
problem complicated? 5. How can pollution
gradually reduced? 6. When did pollution become a
major problem and in what ways?
Questions
36
Reading I
Language Points
1
People have become alarmed by the dangers of
pollution.
1. I gave the alarm as soon as I saw the smoke.
??????,??????? 2.  The news of the radiation
leak caused widespread public alarm.
?????????????????? 3.  The government is
alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent
crime. ??????????????????? 4. We were much
alarmed by the fire in the forest. ????????????
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Reading I
Language Points
1
People have become alarmed by the dangers of
pollution.
alarm clock n.?? burglar alarm ??????
???? fire alarm n. ?? give the
alarm ??? smoke alarm ?????
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Preserving the Environment in the U.K.
Reading II
Skimming Questions
1. In what respects are people affected by
technological progress? 2. What is happening in
the countryside as far as ecology is
concerned? 3. What measures has the UK taken to
preserve the environment?
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Reading I
Language Points
1
Many peoples lives has deteriorated in some
respects
deteriorate di'ti?ri?reit, di'tiri?.reit
1.?????????? We cannot allow the situation to
deteriorate. 2.?????????? Food is apt to
deteriorate in summer. 3.??????????? His sight
have begin to deteriorate.






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Reading I
Language Points
2
Many peoples lives has deteriorated in some
respects
1.?????????? I deeply respect her courage.
2.???????????? Please give my respects to your
parents. 3.??????????????????? It's going to
raise a lot of problems with respect to
atmosphere pollution. 4.????????????????????? My
argument is different from yours in one crucial
respect.



41
Reading I
Language Points
2
were constantly assailed by
attack, assail, assault, charge, beset?????????
attack ???, ?"????"?"???????"? Germany began to
attack the Soviet Union in 1941.???1941????????
assail ?"???????"? The enemy plane assailed our
defense position.??????????????? assault ???
assail?, ?"???????", ??"???????" (????),
??"??"???? The enemy assaulted us at
dawn.???????????



42
Reading I
Language Points
2
were constantly assailed by
charge ?"??"?"???????"? The cavalry charged to
the front.?????????? beset ?"??", ?????????
In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes.?????,
??????????



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Reading I
Language Points
3
the atmosphere with exhaust fumes.
exhaust fume?? 1.There are many sources of air
pollution,for example, exhaust fumes. ????????????
,????? 2.The factories emitted exhaust
fumes. ???????



44
Reading I
Language Points
4
Parliament to counter pollution
1.n.  ?? He placed the money on the counter.
????????? 2.adj.  ??? They had always had the
counter effect. ???????????? 3. adv.  ???? He
acted counter to his promise. ???????????? 4.v.??
He hit me but I did not counter. ????,???????



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Reading I
Language Points
5
with bronchial complaints
1.bronchial br??ki?l adj.
???? 2.bronchitis br??'kaitis n.   ???? My
brother has chronic bronchitis. ?????????????



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Reading I
Language Points
5
with bronchial complaints
Complaint 1.  I have a complaint.
????? 2.  You have no real grounds for
complaint. ???????????? 3.  I have a complaint
of the chest. ??????



47
Reading I
Language Points
6
Rivers which used to be fouled up with industrial
chemical
1.adj.???,???,??? He opened the window to let
out the foul air. ?????,???????? 2.
adv.?????,???? He played his opponent foul.
????????????? 3. vt. ??,?? The smoke fouled
the air. ??????? 4.Vi. ??,?? The meat
fouled. 5. n.?? He was cautioned for a foul on
an opponent.



48
Reading I
Language Points
6
Rivers which used to be fouled up with industrial
chemical

• fall foul of ??
• He fell foul of his boss and lost his job.
• ??????,?????
• 2. foul up ???
• Bill always fouls things up.
• ??????????

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• 
  
• 
  18 May,
  2011
• Dear Bill,
• I am happy to be informed of our alumni
  get-together. Surely I will meet many old friends
  and well be able to chat over days long gone by.
  Incidentally, do you know that Prof. Chadi
  arrived in our city yesterday? I think his
  presence will make our meeting more memorable. He
  can be reached by phone no. 84123348.
• Yes, Ill be prompt. Im counting the days
  to see you all.
• 
  Yours,
• 
  Martin

50
Listening Practice
Listening Comprehension
51
Spelling
average equip intolerable suburban
environmental marine pesticide ruin
automobile fertilizer industrial reduce
52
Dictation A
The price of gasoline should have been set at ten
dollars a gallon in 1918 when Henry Ford
introduced the model T. Consider what would have
happened. If the price of gas had been too
expensive for the average person, then there
never would have been such serious pollution
problems in every major American city. Moreover,
there would be no need to rehabilitate our
cities, because large numbers of people would
never have left them for the suburbs. Finally, if
the price had been set at ten dollars a gallon,
there would have been enough gasoline reserves to
last for centuries. Instead, the low price of gas
helped to exhaust the supply and create
over-dependence upon foreign sources of oil.
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Dictation B
People used to think that the Mississippi was too
big to be polluted. But today it is in trouble.
In the past half century or so hundreds of
factories have been built on the banks of the
river. As production has increased, so has the
amount of harmful waste been discharged into it
by the factories. Every day, thousands of tons of
industrial waste are poured into the river. In
many places the water can no longer be safely
used for drinking or irrigation. Birds and fish
have been killed off in large numbers by water
pollution. A New York paper reported on February
8, 1972, The Mississippi has now been made so
dirty that swimming and fishing in it are almost
out of the question. Out of the question???
Out of question?????
54
Listening Comprehension
1. Marion Island is just off the coast of South
Africa. 2. The cats were first brought to the
island because there were too many mice there. 3.
The cats killed off the bird population as well
as the mice population on the island. 4. Large
amount of poisonous bait was used to kill the
cats 5. It is hoped that the bird population will
resettle on the island on their own when the cats
are eliminated.
True or False?
F
T
F
F
F
55
Listening Comprehension
1.Marion Island is two thousand kilometers south
of the tip of Africa 2.T 3.The cats almost killed
off some of the native species of birds there,
but they were not so interested in mice, which
were not their preferred food. 4. Poisonous bait
could not be used because it might cause the
death of the other wildlife. 5. It is said that
when Antarctic birds disappear from an island,
they do not return on their own.
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Translation

• 1. Linda cant have gone to America, for I saw
  her yesterday in the street.
• 2. The governments of these countries must take
  strong measures to bring population completely
  under control.
• 3. The old couple should have applied for a
  number of travelers checks so that they neednt
  have carried so much cash with them while
  travelling around the world.
• 4. He is so famous an artist that his paintings
  should all be kept in such places as art
  galleries or museums.
• 5.For lack of experience, the young doctor didnt
  take immediate action, which caused the death of
  the patient.

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Translation

• 6.She wanted to show in some way how much she
  cared about him and his happiness.
• 7. The president made a speech to the effect that
  the state would preserve its wildlife.
• 8. Teachers should exercise their imagination and
  add art to their teaching.

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Translation

• The Queen wasnt an entirely successful film. The
  music might not have been right fro the theme of
  the film. The actress might not have been quite
  right for her role as a queen. The director could
  have organized the plot more carefully. The
  actors role ought to have been larger. The
  producer might not have had enough time to
  supervise the production. They may not have had
  enough money to make a truly successful film. But
  it was till a fine movie.