Law Enforcement

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• Law Enforcement Geo-location Technology
• Technologies for Critical Incident Preparedness
  Conference 2008
• October 29-31, 2008
• Presented by
• Peter F. Small National Law Enforcement
  Corrections Technology Center Communications
  Technologies Center of Excellence

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The Center System
NLECTC Northeast Rome, NY
NLECTC Northwest Anchorage, AK
Rural LE Technology Center Hazard, KY
Sensors, Surveillance and Biometrics COE New
York, NY
Weapons and Protective Equipment COE State
College, PA
Communications COE Camden, NJ
Office of Law Enforcement Standards Gaithersburg,
MD
NLECTC Rocky Mountain Denver, CO
NLECTC National Rockville, MD
NLECTC West El Segundo, CA
Office of Law Enforcement Technology
Commercialization Wheeling, WV
Border Research Technology Center San Diego,
CA Austin, TX
NLECTC Southeast Charleston, SC
Forensic Science COE Largo, FL
National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology
Centers serving specific regions Specialty
Offices and Centers
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NLECTC Communications TechnologiesCenter of
Excellence

• Communications Technology Focus Areas
• Interoperable Voice Communications.
• Personnel Location.
• Convergent Data Services.
• Communications Technology Tools.
• This project is supported by Award No.
  2007-IJ-CX-K013 and Supplement one awarded by the
  National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice
  Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
• The opinions, findings, and conclusions or
  recommendations expressed in the presentation are
  those of the author and do not necessarily
  reflect those of the Department of Justice.

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Personnel Location

• Geo- location technology for the purpose of
  tracking law enforcement personnel
• Originally defined as a technology requirement by
  the CommTech Technology Working Group in 2005 and
  remains a high-priority requirement and
• the nature of the work is inherently dangerous
  thus there is a need to determine the location
  and status of personnel.

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Personnel Location

• Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted, FBI
  Statistics (2006)
• 48 Officers Feloniously Killed
• 66 Officers Accidentally Killed
• 58,634 Officers Assaulted - approx. 11 of the
  total number of officers employed in the US in
  2006.

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Operational Requirements

• Survival Tool
• Officer needs assistance, officer down, foot
  pursuits, etc.
• Tactical Tool
• SWAT operations, serious incident response, etc.
• Management Tool
• Patrol operations (foot, bike, motorcycle),
  personnel resource management (Languages, skills,
  special equipment), etc.

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Technical Requirements

• Coverage
• Routine Operations - Jurisdiction wide
• Tactical - In-building inclusive of (3D) coverage
  in wired and unwired environments.
• Operation
• On all the time
• Officer activation
• Remote activation.
• Accuracy
• 10 meters.

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Desired Outcome

• A device which can be worn by a person that
  provides accurate geo-location data Outdoors and
  Indoors (inclusive of elevation).
• Person - first responder, corrections officer,
  convicted offender sentenced to a community based
  corrections program, probationer or parolee.

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A Model for Position Location
Application
What to do with position location data?
Computation
How to compute position location data
Network
How to distribute position location data
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Example
Tracking at Mobile Command Center and in the Field
Internet
Carrier Data Network
GPS Cell Tower
Tracking Application
Tracking Application
Tracking Application
Front end Carrier Network Back end Carrier
Network
GPS
Mobile Command Center
Cell Tower
Field
Field
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Los Angeles Pilots

• Participants
• Los Angeles Sheriffs Department
• Los Angeles Police Department
• Purpose
• Test Evaluate geo-location technology in
  operational law enforcement environments
• Assess operational issues/problems
• Document desired outcomes
• Refine technical requirements and
• Employ scientific methods to assess the impact of
  the technology on operations.

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Objective Test and evaluate geo-location
  technology as a survival tool.

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Deputy Sorenson Case
• On August 2, 2003 Deputy Stephen D. Sorenson was
  killed in the line of duty at the age of 46.
• The suspect shot and dragged Deputy Sorenson
  behind a vehicle and left him to die in a remote
  area of Los Angeles County.
• Several agencies conducted an extensive grid
  search that ultimately led to the discovery of
  Deputy Sorensons lifeless body.

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Operational issues/problems
• Deputy needs assistance
• Emergency Trigger (E-trigger) - Intended to
  notify dispatch that the deputy is in trouble and
  needs immediate assistance
• Interferes with voice communications.
• Does not provide location information.
• Deputys assaulted / injured
• Foot Pursuits

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Some Test Evaluation Challenges
• Quantitative
• Technology must be integrated w/existing
  equipment
• Existing radio networks (voice and data)
• Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) and GIS/Mapping
• Data must be made available to the agency.
• Location technology must work anytime anywhere
  within the jurisdiction of LA County.
• Qualitative
• Operational evaluation
• Human interface (Dispatch, Command Deputy).

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Evaluation Considerations
Presentation
Who
Real-time Tracking vs. Snapshots Command Center
vs. Field Agent View Situation Reports Tactical
vs. Longitudinal Deployment (and Uniformity)
Me Tracking Blue Force Tracking Red Force
Tracking Orange Force Tracking
Security/Accountability
What
Officer-down Secure communication Privacy
Position Velocity Time
People Vehicles Assets

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Concept of Operations
• Integration Operation (i.e. does it work?)
• Pass/fail test connect, test, document results,
  etc.
• Effectiveness and Accuracy (i.e. how well does it
  work?)
• Track users over time
• Qualitative measures of accuracy against
  best-known ground truth, time, distance,
  direction of travel, etc.
• Survey of users
• Use and quality of geo-location information, etc.

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Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department

• Operational Scenario Foot Pursuits
• Deputy engaged in pursuit
• Technology generates accurate location data
• Dispatch
• Knowledge level
• Ability to communicate location information
• Assisting Deputy
• Knowledge level
• Effective response
• Watch Commander
• Knowledge level
• Ability to manage incident

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Los Angeles Police Department

• Objective Test and evaluate geo-location
  technology as a survival, tactical and management
  tool.
• LAPD has expressed the desire to deploy
  geo-location technology as a multi-purpose tool
  to support operations.

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Los Angeles Police Department

• May Day 2008
• An annual demonstration
• to voice the rights of
• immigrant labor
• Several hundred thousand people and
• Marching routes originate from three locations
  and converge to a central location at City Hall.

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Los Angeles Police Department

• LAPD deployed a limited number of geo-location
  capable cellular handsets to track police teams
  during the event and
• Location data provided real-time situational
  awareness for Incident Command.