Natural Education

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Natural Education

• Pestalozzi
• Froebel
• Montessori

Created by Vanessa L. Cortez Antonio Rivera
Developing the Whole Child
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Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

• Swiss educator
• Return to nature philosophy
• Enlightenment rationalism
• Rousseau

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Pestalozzis Life

• Born in Zurich, Italian Family
• Barbara Schmid (Babeli)
• Helvetic Society
• Search for a profession
• The Farm

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Neuhof and Writings

• 1774, The school for working and learning
• Vocational, moral, and intellectual development
• Failure in 1779
• Leonard and Gertrude Home and School
• Researches into the Course of Nature in the
  Development of the Human Race
• How Gertrude Teaches Her Children

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Stans, Burgdorf and Iverdon

• French Revolution in Switzerland
• Orphanage Director Rehabilitating victims of war
• Educational Institute at Burgdorf
• ABC of Anschauung Reduction of education to
  simplicity
• Yverdon, Pestalozzis greatest achievement
• Failure due to bad management

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Philosophy of Education

• Nature Physical reality that appears to our
  senses in an array of independent objects
• Objects exist independent of peoples knowledge
  but can be known through sensation
• Two levels of nature
• a) objective order of reality
• b) operations that direct development
• Human development as a tree

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Art of Instruction

• Development based on nature and harmony
• Human, Intellectual, and Physical development
  must grow balanced
• The amoral, physically weak genius
• Natural Education Psychology of Learning
• Phase II Exercises, experiences and materials

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Anschauung

• Definition The single unitary operational
  process that is the source of all human
  cognition.
• Sensation
• Perception
• Cognition

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Art of Sense Impression

• Object Lesson (Conceptualization)
• Pestalozzi believed that thought began with
  sensation and that teaching should use the
  senses. Holding that children should study the
  objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi
  developed a so-called "object lesson" that
  involved exercises in learning form, number, and
  language. Pupils determined and traced an
  object's form, counted objects, and named them.

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System of Natural Education- 2 phases

• (1) General Method- creating an emotionally
  secure learning environment
• (2) Special Method- Instruction in subject matter
  and skills

Educating the Whole Child
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General Method Emotional Security

• Sought to create an emotionally secure
  educational environment for the child
• Love and security ( family- school connection)
• Embrace the techniques, experiences, and
  activities necessary for moral, intellectual, and
  physical development
• Provide emotional support

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Special Method

• Instruction was to begin with the learners
  direct experience with concrete objects found in
  the environment
• Sensation and experience- begin with familiar
  objects and tasks before abstract kinds of
  learning

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From the Near to the Far

• Instruction should begin with the learners
  immediate environment and the objects that were
  part of the environment.
• Eventually lead to widening circle of mankind
  that leads children from the home through the
  socioeconomic environment into the world.
  (Continuity of experience)

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From the Simple to the Complex

• Build from simple tasks to more complex
• Ex. Language lessons began with speaking sounds,
  then words, then phrases, finally sentences,

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Pestalozzis Major Contributions to Early
Childhood

• Pestalozzi's contribution to early childhood
  education was to stress the education of the
  whole child, the importance of a loving and
  emotionally secure environment, and recognizing
  the dignity of the child in education.

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Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852)

• German educator Influenced by idealism and
  romanticism
• Occupations Forester, naturalist, chemist,
  teacher
• Visit to Iverdon
• 1813 The war
• Griesheim Music, play, self-activity
• Burgdorf Switzerland
• Blankenburg Germany First Kindergarten

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Philosophy of Education

• The Education Man (1896)
• Human nature unfolds the preformed potentialities
  in a person
• The teacher stimulates the process of unfolding
• Teachers provide space and time in order for
  children to develop

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Conception of the Child

• The human race could be viewed as one human
  being.
• Family and all human beings are united through
  God
• The role of school is to help students penetrate
  the external reality of objects into higher
  internal spirituality.
• Kindergarten songs, play, stories, games
• Types of play gifts and occupation

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Object Lesson

• Childrens ideas grow and gain full consciousness
  in adulthood.
• Symbols water, sand and clay, group occupations

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The Kindergarten Movement

• 1851 Kindergarten prohibited
• Movement England, Switzerland, Germany, France,
  Italy, Netherlands

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The American Kindergarten Movement

• Introduced by immigrants from Germany
• Public schools adapted Kindergarten as the first
  step on U.S. educational ladder
• Elizabeth Peabody Founded and institute to
  prepare Kindergarten teachers
• St. Louis Missouri Superintendent William Torrey
  introduces Kindergarten to public schools
• Kindergarten today

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Maria Montessori1870- 1952
Never help a child with a task at which he feels
he can succeed. The greatest sign of success
for a teacher... is to be able to say, "The
children are now working as if I did not exist.
Maria Montessori
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• The goal of Montessori is to provide a
  stimulating, child-centered environment in which
  children can explore, touch, and learn without
  fear, thus engendering a lifelong love of
  learning as well as providing the child the
  self-control necessary to fulfill that love.

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Montessoris Curriculum

• Three major kinds of activities and experiences
• (1) Practical Life (setting a table, serving a
  meal, basic social amenities)
• (2) Sensory Training- (sensory, muscular, and
  coordination)
• (3) Formal skills and studies- (reading, writing,
  and arithmetic) sandpaper letters, colorful rods,
  etc.-( didactic materials)

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Implementation

• Montessori is a highly hands-on approach to
  learning. It encourages children to develop their
  observation skills by doing many types of
  activities. These activities include use of the
  five senses, kinetic movement, spatial
  refinement, small and large motor skill
  coordination, and concrete knowledge that leads
  to later abstraction.

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Montessori Classrooms
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Video Clip

• Maria Montessori Her Life and Legacy
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid7480195940
  80989064qmontessoriclassroomshlen

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American Montessori Revival

• American Montessori Society- (AMS)
  http//www.amshq.org/
• At least 4,000 Montessori schools in America and
  7,000 worldwide
• Over 1,100 AMS member schools in America

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Famous Montessori students

• Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon
• Sergey Brin and Larry Page, co-founders of Google
  
• Anne Frank
• Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia
• Katherine Graham, owner-editor of The Washington
  Post
• Sean Combs, famous rapper of Bad Boy Records
• Julia Child, first TV chef
• Helen Hunt, Academy Award-winning actress
• George Clooney, Academy Award-winning actor
• Gabriel Garcia Marquez, novelist and Nobel
  Laureate

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Independence
Developmental
Sensory
Manipulatives
Environment
Individuality
Intellectual
Physical
Exploration
Choice
Nature
Prepared Leraning Environments
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