Europe

1
Europe

• Geography 200
• Dr. Stavros Constantinou

2
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

• Western extremity of Eurasia
• Lingering world influence
• High degrees of specialization
• Manufacturing dominance
• Numerous nation-states
• Urbanized population
• High standards of living

3
RELATIVE LOCATION

• At the heart of the land hemisphere
• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of
  the world
• Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
• Navigable waterways
• Moderate distances

4
Location

• Excluding Russia, Europe occupies only 3.4 of
  the global surface (2,284,509 sq. miles).
• Europe has a high-latitude northerly location.
• Much of Europe lies north of the conterminous
  United States (north of the 49th parallel).
• Scotland lies in the same general latutude as
  Hudson Bay, and Norway has many communities
  located as far north as the northern mainland of
  Canada.

5
Location

• Europe has an irregular outline, and is largely
  formed of peninsulas.
• The main European peninsula is surrounded by
• First order peninsulas Scandinavian, Iberian,
  Italian and Balkan peninsulas.
• Second order peninsulas Jylland (Jutland),
  Bretagne (Brittany), Cornwall, Peloponnesos
  (Peloponnesus) and others.
• The complex mingling of land and water has
  provided much of Europe with many opportunities
  for maritime activities.

6
Location
Europe has 13 landlocked states

• Andorra
• Austria
• Belarus
• Czech Republic
• Slovakia
• Hungary
• Liechtenstein

• Luxembourg
• Switzerland
• Macedonia
• Moldova
• San Marino
• Vatican City

Most places in Europe are no more than 640 km
(400 miles) from the sea. By contrast, parts of
the U,S, interior are more than 1600 km (1000
miles) from salt water.
7
Physical Geography -- Landforms

• Western Uplands (Northwestern Highlands)
• Hard, geologically ancient rock
• Shaped by glaciation thin soils, fjords
• Scandinavia, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland,
  Brittany, Portugal Spain
• North European Plain (Lowland)
• Extensive region, a prominent feature of Europe
  includes parts of France, Belgium, The
  Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic
  states, Belarus and Russia
• Rich in natural resources coal, natural gas,
  potash, salt, iron ore, Largest cultivated region
• Most densely populated of Europe's land regions
• Central Uplands
• Lower and less rugged than mountain regions,
  geologically older
• Important deposits of metals and coal
• Alpine Mountains
• High mountains, rugged plateaus, steeply sloping
  land
• The Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, Dinaric
  Alps, and the Carpathians
• Highest peak is Mont Blanc 4807 meters (15,771
  feet)
• Active volcanoes in southern Europe Mt. Aetna,
  Mt. Vesuvius

8
Europes Climate

• Climatic controls
• Warm currents (North Atlantic Drift)
• Westerly winds
• Differential of heating between land and water
• Europes climate is mild for its latitude
• Londons average winter temperature is about the
  same as Richmond, VA, which is 1500 km (950
  miles) farther south.
• The British Isles, Scandinavia, the Netherlands,
  Germany and Poland lie north of the conterminous
  United States
• Most lowlands receive 50 centimeters (20 inches)
  of precipitation per year
• Average in lowlands is 50-89 centimeters
• A few highland areas receive 102 (40 inches)
  254(100 inches) centimeters per year

9
Climate Types

• Marine West Coast (Cfb)
• Humid subtropical (Cfa)
• Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical (Csa)
• Humid continental (Dfa)
• Subarctic (Dc, Dd)
• Tundra (ET)
• Undifferentiated Highlands (H)

10
Vegetation

• Coniferous forest Scandinavia
• Regions once forested but now mostly cleared for
  agricultural and industrial development
• Coniferous forest Germany and Poland
• Mixed deciduous forest southern England,
  France, Czech Republic,Slovakia, Hungary, Romania
  and Bulgaria.
• Southern Europe's extensive oak forests have been
  reduced to maquis (brush) and garigue (low
  scrub). Macchia in Italy, chaparral in
  California. Reforestation efforts are underway.

11
Soils

• Generally acidic (Lime is added to balance
  acidity)
• Low fertility (alfisols, inceptisols, histosols,
  spodosols and entisols)
• Favorable soils
• Loess central France and Poland
• Mollisols Danubian Plain

12
Natural Resources

• Rich in a variety of mineral resources
• Energy sources coal and petroleum
• Iron ore deposits Sweden, Czech Republic,
  Alsace-Lorraine (France), English Midlands
• Bauxite Hungary, Greece
• Lead -- Sweden
• Zinc --Sweden
• Scenery tourist industry

13
River Systems

• Rivers of Northern Europe
• Swift in summer, frozen in winter
• Important for generation of electricity
• Limited use for navigation
• Rivers of Central Europe
• Most important river of Europe is the Rhine.
• Carries more freight than any other river in the
  world.
• Originates in Alpine mountain chains of central
  Europe and flows through Switzerland, Germany,
  France and The Netherlands
• Rivers of Southern Europe
• Of limited use for navigation because of dry
  summers and high water flow in winter and spring
• Danube
• Is the longest river in Europe, but is
  handicapped by site situation characteristics
• Rapids at middle course iron gate make
  navigation impossible
• Flows through agricultural areas, rather than
  industrial
• Other important rivers Thames (London) Rhone
  (Marseilles) Seine (Paris) Schelde (Antwerp)
  Elbe (Hamburg), Po (Italy).

14
Population Geography

• Europes 2003 population was 582,800,778.
• Generally highly literate and skilled.
• Europe is the third largest population cluster,
  after East Asia and Southern Asia.
• Extremely high population densities are found in
  western European countries, especially Belgium,
  the Netherlands and Luxembourg Benelux.
• Population densities are not as high in Eastern
  and Southern Europe.
• Nordic Europe, with the exception of Denmark, is
  sparsely populated.

15
EUROPES CHANGING POPULATION

• Current characteristics of Europes population
• Falling share of the worlds population
• Fertility is at an all-time low
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working age population
• Boom bust age-dependent
• Immigration partially offsetting losses

16
Urban Geography

• Europe is among the most highly urbanized regions
  of the world.
• Europe's proportion of urban population has grown
  from 54 in 1950 to 73 in 2003.
• Western European countries have a higher
  percentage of population living in cities than
  Eastern Europe.

• The least urbanized countries are
• Bosnia-Herzegovina 40
• Albania 46
• Moldova 46

• The most urbanized countries are
• Belgium 97
• Iceland 94
• United Kingdom 90
• Germany 86
• France --- 74

17
Urban Geography

• The urban system of many European countries
  follows the law of the primate city.
• According to the law of the primate city, a
  countrys leading city is disproportionately
  large and exceptionally expressive of national
  capacity and feeling. (Mark Jefferson, 1939).
• Examples
• Paris personifies France
• London personifies the UK
• Amsterdam personifies the Netherlands
• Warsaw personifies Poland
• Athens personifies Greece
• Vienna personifies Austria
• Stockholm personifies Sweden

18
Urban Geography

• The trend in European urbanization is toward U.S.
  style suburbanization.
• European city-scapes differ from North American
  cities due to
• Long histories
• Scarce land
• Strong government control of urban land
  development
• The internal spatial structure of the European
  metropolis consists of the central city and its
  suburban ring, as in London.

19
Urban Geography

• The CBD contains the main concentration of
  business, government, shopping facilities and
  wealthiest residences.
• Broad residential sectors radiate outward from
  CBD with considerable class differentiation.
• European suburbs are high-density satellite towns
  or villages surrounded by open countryside that
  is heavily utilized for recreational purposes.

20
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21
Cultural Geography

• The cultural geography of Europe is very diverse
  and complex.
• Europe is a cultural mosaic, based on language
  and religion.

22
Language Groups

• Indo-European Family (Major group, detail in
  next slide)
• Urallic Family
• Finnic
• Northwest (Finnish, Karelian, Estonian)
• Lapp
• Ugrian (Hungarian)
• Altaic Family Turkish, in Turkish foothold in
  Europe
• Semitic Family Maltese, spoken on island of
  Malta
• Basque Family spoken by the Basques of
  Southwestern France and Northern Spain

23
Indo-European Family of Languages

• Teutonic (Germanic) English, German-Dutch
  (Dutch, Flemish and German) and Scandinavian
  (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic).
• Romanic (Latin) French (French and Walloon),
  Spanish (Castilian and Catalan), Portuguese
  (Portuguese and Galician), Italian (Italian and
  Sardinian), Romansch (Rhaeto-Romanic), Romanian
  (Romanin and Vlakh). Romania, an outlier of the
  Roman empire, managed to retain its Romance
  language.
• Slavic Western Slavic (Polish, Czech and
  Slovak), Eastern Slavic (Russian,
  Ukrainian,Byelo-Ruthenian), Southern Slavic
  (Slovene, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian)
• Baltic Latvian and Lithuanian
• Illyrian -- Albanese
• Hellenic -- Greek
• Celtic Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton

24
Religion

• The predominant religion in Europe is
  Christianity.
• Islam is the predominant religion of Albania, and
  is the religion of many immigrants to
  northwestern Europe from the Middle East and
  North Africa.
• Religion as a unifying (centripetal) cultural
  force has been unable to overcome the disunifying
  (centrifugal) force of nationalism in Europe.

25
Religion

• Christians number 558,729,000 or 76.6 of a total
  European population of 729,406,000.
• Roman Catholicism dominates in southern Europe,
  Poland and eastern Germany. 286,124,000 or 39.2
  of total European population.
• Eastern Orthodoxy is the predominant faith in
  eastern Europe and Greece. 158,775,000 or 21.8
  of Europes population.
• Protestantism (especially Lutheran churches) is
  the major religion in northern and northwestern
  Europe. 85,924,000 or 11.8 of the population.
• Anglicanism (Episcopalian) number 25,632,000 or
  3.5 of Europe's population.
• Non Christians
• Islam 31,401,000 or 4.3 of the total population
• Judaism 2,530,000 or 0.3 of the total
  population

26
Economic Geography Primary Sector of Production

• Agriculture
• High degree of commercialization
• Dairy farming and livestock farming
• Specialized subtropical crops in Mediterranean
  Europe.
• Major crops
• Cereals, with wheat the leading cereal grain
• Rye Germany and Poland
• Corn (maize) Danube plains of Hungary, Romania
  and Yugoslavia, the Po river valley of Northern
  Italy and the southwestern lowland of France.
• Oats and barley
• Irrigated rice

27
Economic Geography Primary Sector of Production

• Fisheries
• High degree of commercialization
• North sea countries and Iceland
• Dogger Bank in the North Sea is a famous fishing
  ground.
• Norway is the European leader in quantity of fish
  caught.
• Europe depends heavily on food imports. It is
  self-sufficient in milk, potatoes and rye. It
  imports wheat, corn, oil cake, soybeans,
  vegetable fats and oils, chilled and frozen
  meats, cane sugar, cocoa, coffee and tobacco
  fibers (cotton and wool predominantly) and
  natural rubber.

28
Economic Geography Secondary Sector of
Production

• Europe produces a wide range of industrial goods,
  from the most basic to the most technologically
  advanced.
• Globalization has caused major changes in the
  industrial sector.
• Some famous European products are
• Swiss watches
• English woolens
• Scotch whiskeys
• German porcelain and cameras
• Bohemian glassware
• Irish linens
• French wines, brandies and liqueurs

29
Major Industrial Regions of Europe

• The Four Motors of Europe are
• Southeastern Frances Rhone-Alpes region
  (anchored by Lyon).
• Northern Italys Lombardy (anchored by Milan).
• Northeastern Spains Catalonia (anchored by
  Barcelona).
• Southern Germany's Baden-Württemburg (anchored by
  Stuttgart).
• Other important European industrial regions
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Poland
• Austria
• Italy Venice
• Spain Bilbao
• Ukraine Donbas

30
SPATIAL INTERACTION

• Movement across geographic space
• Involves contact of people in two or more places
  for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
• Principles
• Complementarity
• Transferability
• Intervening opportunity

31
COMPLEMENTARITY

• Two places, through an exchange of goods, can
  specifically satisfy each others demands.
• One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a
  second area.

32
TRANSFERABILITY

• The ease with which a commodity may be
  transported or the capacity to move a good at a
  bearable cost
• Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks
• Advances in transportation technology

33
INTEREVENING OPPORTUNITY

• The presence of a nearer source of supply or
  opportunity that acts to diminish the
  attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into
Italy?
34
The British Isles Four regions

• The South London is the center.
• London is Europes largest city (7,650,944
  people) and the worlds ninth largest
• Metropolitan London has a conurbation area of
  12,000,000 inhabitants, one of the worlds
  largest.
• 20,000,000 of the 59,800,000 total UK population
  (33.4) live in the South region.
• The Green Belt (1944) is a zone for recreation
  and farming set aside to surround London in order
  to stem and channel the citys vast urban sprawl

35
The British Isles Four regions

• The North (North of Bristol-Norwich line)
• Dominated by economic stagnation following the
  decline of the industrial base of the country.
• 50,000 jobs were lost in the 1980s.
• Revitalization efforts have met with limited
  success. Long term impact uncertain.
• Suffering cities
• Manchester
• Leeds
• Sheffield
• Birmingham
• Liverpool

36
The British Isles Four regions

• Scotland and Wales
• Rugged, remote highland territories.
• Southern Wales (Cardiff-Swansea) is a depressed
  industrial region.
• Scotlands industrialization focused on the Clyde
  and Firth of Forth because of nearby coal, iron
  ore and the excellent port of Glasgow.

37
The British Isles Four regions

• Northern Ireland
• Part of the United Kingdom
• Capital city Belfast
• Comprises six counties Antrim, Armaugh, Down,
  Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone.
• Historical religious conflict between the
  Catholics and Protestants
• Religious make-up
• Catholic 35
• Presbyterian 29
• Church of Ireland 24
• Methodist 5
• Devolution (1976) the disintegration of a nation
  state as a result of reviving regionalism the
  redistribution of authority and the restructuring
  of the political framework of the United Kingdom
  among the proposals under consideration is the
  creation of a federal state in Britain and
  Northern Ireland.

38
The Republic of Ireland

• The Republic of Ireland is about one-half the
  size of Arkansas.
• Capital city is Dublin.
• Geographically, the Irish Central Plain
  surrounded to the north, south and west hills
  and low, rounded mountains.
• Largely agricultural, 65 of land use is
  agricultural.
• Marked rural poverty
• Problem of depopulation.

39
France

• Second largest European country (after Ukraine)
  with an area about 80 the size of Texas.
• Shaped like an irregular hexagon.
• 35 of land use is agricultural.
• Geographic features
• Massif Central
• The Alps (Mont Blanc, 4807 m. or 15,771 ft.)
• The Pyrenees
• The Jura Mountains

40
Paris, France

• Paris is a classic primate city. Population
  2,152,423 inhabitants metro area population
  10,275,000.
• It has an excellent site and situation.
• Founded on Ile de la Cité on the Seine, a place
  easy to defend.
• Located in the center of a large and prosperous
  agricultural area.
• The focal point of the confluence of several
  navigable rivers, the Marne, Yonne, and Oise,
  with the Seine.
• Specialized, small scale luxury industries

41
Germany

• Following reunification, Germany has a land area
  of 356,774 sq. km. (134,830 sq. mi.) and a
  population of 82,400,000 in 2002.
• Accessible location due to the navigability of
  the Rhine and Elbe rivers.
• Landforms
• The North German Plain
• Effect of glaciation
• Moraines
• Terminal moraines east of the Elbe river
• The varied terrain of Central and Southern
  Germany
• Bavarian Alps, Bohemian Forest, Ore Mountains
  (Erzegebirge), Uplands of Saxony, Black Forest,
  Oden Forest, Rhine Upland
• The Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest
• The low Jura Upland at the south.

42
Germany Climate, Soils and Vegetation

• Maritime influences prominent in northwest
  increasingly continental influences toward the
  east and south.
• Soils higher than average in fertility. Loess and
  alluvial soils in the Upper Rhine Plain.
• Large outputs of lumber, wood pulp. Paper and
  other forest derived products.

43
Germany Resources

• Important industrial minerals
• 11.4 of global production of coal.
• Ruhr
• Saxony
• Silesia
• 20.5 of world production of potash.
• 5.5 of the worlds crude steel.
• 4.9 of world aluminum.
• 2.0 of the worlds pyrites.

44
Benelux Countries

• Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg
• Example of making the best of small areas and
  small populations. High standard of living, high
  per capita incomes.
• Supranationalism

45
The Netherlands

• Natives of the Netherlands are known as the
  Dutch.
• Agricultural land of the Netherlands has been
  reclaimed from the sea and is called polder.
• Dutch farming is very intensive and highly
  specialized, for example tulips and other
  flowers.
• Traditionally, the Dutch have been a seafaring
  nation with a significant colonial empire in
  Southeast Asia (Indonesia).
• Rotterdam is the worlds largest port city in
  terms of tonnage handled because it serves the
  hinterland of the Rhine river.
• Rotterdam is a generative city because of the
  complementary relationship it has with its
  hinterland.
• Rotterdam is a break-in-bulk point for much of
  the Rhine traffic.

46
Belgium

• Belgium is inhabited by Dutch speaking Flemings
  in the North.
• The southern inhabitants are French speaking
  Walloons.
• Belgium is officially bilingual.
• Belgium is the hub of European supranationalism.

47
Mountain Europe Switzerland and Austria

• Both are landlocked countries framed by the Alps.
• Both capitalize on their environments as winter
  resort destinations for the rest of Europe and
  the world.
• While having similar environments, their
  historical experiences are quite different.

48
Switzerland

• Switzerland has been independent and pursued a
  policy of strict neutrality since 1815.
• Switzerland is the geographical center of Western
  Europe and straddles three streams of cultural
  and linguistic influence Italian, French and
  German. 64 speak German, 18 speak French, 12
  speak Italian and 6 speak Romansch (an ancient
  dialect of Latin).
• Population 7,200,000 land area ½ that of
  Austria.
• Switzerland is an example of a country that has
  maximized a mountainous, limited resource base to
  produce the second highest per capita income --
  39,980 in 2000.
• 92 of Swiss are employed in non-agricultural
  pursuits, including precision mechanization and
  electronics, banking and finance, and tourism.
• Swiss farmers practice transhumance or vertical
  nomadism, the seasonal movement of people and
  animals from lowland to highland environments in
  search of pasture.

49
Austria

• Austria is a vestige of the Austro-Hungarian
  Empire.
• Population 8,100,000, includes southern Germans,
  Balkan people, Magyars and many other ethnic
  groups.
• Framed by the Danube River valley in the north
  and the Alps in the south.
• Austria is a fraction of its former size. After
  WW I Austria was carved into independent Hungary,
  Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Romania.

50
Nordic Europe

• The worlds northernmost group of states
  Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia,
  Iceland.
• Poor relative location on the way to nowhere.
• Except for Denmark, Norden is separated by water
  from the rest of Europe.
• Denmark and southern Sweden are part of the North
  European Lowland and an exception to the bleak
  Scandinavian rule.
• Climatic conditions are rather severe for most of
  the area.
• In recent years severe environmental pollution
  has been a problem, especially in southern
  Norway, which receives more acid rain than it
  produces via sulfur emissions.
• In language, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are
  mutually intelligible Icelandic belongs to the
  same family Finnish is totally different.

51
Nordic Europe Resources

• Sweden possesses 2.6 of the worlds deposits of
  iron ore.
• Norway has discovered large deposits of petroleum
  and natural gas in the North Sea.
• Geothermal energy is important in Iceland.
• Hydroelectric power generation is important in
  Norway.
• Forest products are important , especially for
  Finland and Norway.
• Fishing is important for Iceland
• Norway has a large merchant marine fleet and rich
  seafaring tradition.

52
MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

• Six Countries Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece,
  Malta, Cyprus
• A discontinuous region, lying on three
  peninsulas, two occupied singly by Greece and
  Italy, one shared by Spain and Portugal.
• Separated by mountains and water from the Western
  European core.
• Common cultural heritage dating from Greco-Roman
  times .
• Mediterranean climate dry summer subtropical
• HOT - DRY SUMMERS
• WARM/COOL - MOIST WINTERS

53
MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE RESOURCES

• Soils in Southern Europe are generally poor.
• Vegetation
• Maquis (macchia) Many shrubs of medium height,
  comparable to chaparral in the U.S.
• Garigue Low vegetation less than one foot in
  height, frequently aromatic.
• Mediterranean Europe is generally deficient in
  mineral wealth. Only scattered deposits of coal,
  ,iron ore and bauxite.
• Italy has great hydroelectric potential.
• Recent gains in economic development and
  industrialization have been in the Po Valley
  (Italy) Barcelona (Spain) and around Lisbon
  (Portugal) and Athens (Greece).

54
ITALY

• MOST POPULATED OF MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
• BEST CONNECTED TO THE EUROPEAN CORE
• MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANCED
• DISPLAYS A SHARP NORTH/SOUTH CONTRAST (ANCONA
  LINE )
• MILAN
• ITALYS LARGEST CITY AND MANUFACTURING CENTER
• ALSO THE COUNTRYS FINANCIAL AND SERVICE-INDUSTRY
  CENTER

55
ITALY

• ROME
• FOUNDED ABOUT 3,000 YEARS AGO
• ATTAINED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 1 MILLION lt
  THE END OF THE 1ST CENTURY AD
• ONLY 30,000 PEOPLE BY THE 13TH CENTURY
• BECAME ITALYS CAPITAL IN 1870
• CURRENTLY HAS ABOUT 2.6 MILLION PEOPLE
• VATICAN CITY
• AN ENCLAVE WITHIN ROME
• THE HEADQUARTERS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM
• FUNCTIONS AS AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY

56
EASTERN EUROPE(REGIONAL IDENTIFIERS)

• EUROPES LARGEST REGION
• ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS
• CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES
• INCLUDES EUROPES LARGEST STATE -- UKRAINE
• INCORPORATES EUROPES POOREST COUNTRY -- ALBANIA
• IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET THE
  CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU
• REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF INFLUENCE

57
KEY CONCEPTS

• BALKANIZATION
• IRREDENTISM
• ETHNIC CLEANSING
• DEVOLUTION
• SHATTER BELT

58
BALKANIZATION

• FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP
  (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE
  UNITS
• ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA
• APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE,
  i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

59
UNDERLYING FORCES

• CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
• REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A COUNTRY
• Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological
  differences
• CENTRIPETAL FORCES
• FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY TOGETHER
• A strong national culture, shared ideological
  objectives, and a common faith

60
IRREDENTISM

• A POLICY OF CULTURAL EXTENSION AND POLITICAL
  EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A
  NEIGHBORING COUNTRY

RIVER BORDER
MINORITY POPULATION
A
BORDER ADJUSTMENT
B
A
COUNTRIES
61
ETHNIC CLEANSING

• REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE
  POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY STRONGER
  POWERS BENT ON TAKING THEIR TERRITORIES

MINORITY POPULATION
A
B
A
BORDER
COUNTRIES
62
DEVOLUTION

• THE PROCESS WHEREBY REGIONS WITHIN A STATE DEMAND
  AND GAIN POLITICAL STRENGTH AND GROWING AUTONOMY
  AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

63
COUNTRIES FACING THE BALTIC SEA

• POLAND
• A CLASSIC NATION-STATE
• TRADITIONALLY AGRARIAN - WHEAT
• POST WWII INDUSTRY - SILESIA
• WARSAW - PRIMATE CITY
• LITHUANIA
• LOST INDEPENDENCE IN 1940, REGAINED IN 1991
• KALININGRAD - A RUSSIAN EXCLAVE
• LATVIA
• SIMILAR HISTORY TO LITHUANIA
• CONSTITUTE BARE MAJORITY IN OWN COUNTRY
• BELARUS RUSSIAS CLOSEST ALLY

64
THE LANDLOCKED CENTER

• CZECH REPUBLIC
• The regions most westernized country.
• PRAGUE- a classic PRIMATE CITY
• SLOVAKIA
• THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL PART OF
  CZECHOSLOVAKIA
• HUNGARY
• A NATION-STATE OF 10 MILLION
• BUDAPEST- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY

65
COUNTRIES FACING THE BLACK SEA

• BULGARIA LIBERATED BY RUSSIA IN 1878
• ROMANIA A FORMER ROMAN PROVINCE RAW MATERIALS
  (COAL, IRON ORE, OIL, NATURAL GAS)
• MOLDOVA AGRICULTURAL
• UKRAINE LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS
  AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE

66
COUNTRIES FACING THE ADRIATIC SEA

• SLOVENIA FIRST TO SECEDE ETHNICALLY MOST
  HOMOGENEOUS
• CROATIA
• BOSNIA CENTRALLY POSITIONED
• SERBIA LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS
• MACEDONIA 65 MACEDONIAN, 21 ALBANIAN
• SERBIA-MONTENEGRO INCLUDES SERBIA, KOSOVO,
  VOJVODINA, AND MONTENEGRO
• ALBANIA REMNANT OF TURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRE 70
  MUSLIMS LOWEST ECONOMIC RANKING IN EUROPE