Algae Plantlike Protists LifeCycle of Oomycota Cellular

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Algae

• Plantlike Protists

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What are Algae?

• Unicellular to Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Phytoplankton produces more than ½ all the
  oxygen generated
• 1st link in food chain
• No roots, stems, or leaves
• Classified according to pigment

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Chlorophyll

• algae have evolved different forms of chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c
• Each form of chlorophyll absorbs different
  wavelengths of light
• Algae can absorb more of the energy from sunlight
  than just the red and violet ranges

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Accessory pigments

• Pigments that can absorb light at different
  wavelengths than chlorophyll
• These pigments give algae a wide range of color

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Phyla of Algae

• Euglenophyta Euglenoids
• Chrysophyta golden algae
• Bacillariophyta diatoms
• Pyrrophyta dinoflagellates
• Rhodophyta red algae
• Phaeophyta brown algae
• Chlorophyta green algae

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Phylum Euglenophyta

• Most common organisms in lakes and ponds
• Pigment chlorophyll
• Can exist as a heterotroph when light is not
  available

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Euglenoids

• Has 2 flagella Excellent swimmers
• No cell walls
• Special tough and flexible cell membrane
  PELLICLE Allows them to crawl through mud when
  there is not enough water to swim
• Reproduce by binary fission

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Phylum Chrysophytagolden plants

• Yellow pigments
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Some cells walls of pectin not cellulose
• Other have both pectin and cellulose
• Most are solitary but some live in colonies

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Phylum Pyrrophytafire algae

• ½ are heterotrophic and ½ are autotrophic
• Chlorophyll, yellow, and red pigments
• Luminescent give off light
• Form important symbiotic relationships many with
  coral
• Reproduce by Binary fission

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• Gonyaulax verior
• Karenia brevis are responsible for Red Tides
• Contaminates shellfish
• Create toxins and are toxic when eaten by fish or
  people

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Karenia brevis
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Good news so far!

• March 2010 no reports of red tide
• Red tide has not caused any fish kills or
  respiratory irritation along the Texas coast
  since October 2006. Bays that were closed to
  shellfish harvesting due to red tide have
  reopened. Information about shellfish closures
  can be obtained by contacting the Seafood and
  Aquatic Life group of the TDSHS at (800)
  685-0361.
• http//www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/enviro
  nconcerns/hab/redtide/status.phtml

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Gonyaulax verior
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Phylum Bacillariophytadiatoms

• Thin delicate cells wall rich in silicon main
  component of glass
• Chlorophyll A C
• Asexually sexually (rare)

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• Make up a large part of phytoplankton
• Can live solitary or in colonies
• Silica shells form thick deposits called
  diatomaceous earth
• Used in cleaners, pool filters, paint to give it
  sparkle so pavement shines at night,
• toothpaste, and will help to prevent fleas!

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Safe solutions

• PRODUCT NAME Diatomaceous Earth.
• PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Powdery dust, like baby
  powder, with no odor and dry. It works by
  dehydrating target pests. When insects get some
  on them, the diatoms cut through their waxy
  exoskeleton which in turn leads to massive body
  fluid loss. They will then die of dehydration.
• TARGET PESTS Fleas, ants and just about any pest
  in or around the home.
• WHERE TO USE IT For fleas, outside on the turf.
  It won't hurt plants or grass and can be applied
  by just shaking it out over the infested areas
  you want to treat.

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Mining Diatomaceous earth
Oregon
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Used in Pool filters
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Safe for animals and people!

• As a feed additive, it's anti-caking properties
  promote digestion by keeping feed particles
  separate. By inhibiting clumping, more of the
  surface area of the feed is exposed to the
  digestion process.

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SEEWEEDS

• The next 3 phyla were formerly in the plant
  kingdom
• Commonly called seeweed

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Phylum RhodophytaRed Algae

• Multicellular, marine organisms
• Have blue pigments (phycoblins ) that allow them
  to live in deep oceans
• Red light is reflected and blue light absorbed
• Can be green, purple, or reddish black color
• Sexual reproduction
• Source of Agar
• Takes calcium from water and put it into their
  cells walls (Coralline algae)
• When they die the calcium is left and helps other
  organisms

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Nori Farmed commercially in Japan and China Used
to wrap food
Coralline red algae
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Phylum Phaephyta Brown algae KELP

• Cholorphyll a and c and brown pigment fucoxanthin
• Can grow to 60 meter long
• all multicellular
• Sexual reproduction
• They have specialized air bladders to help them
  float at the surface where the light is.

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Brown algae

• Algin used in latex products, ice cream, foods
  and cosmetics
• Sargasso sea in the Atlantic ocean near the
  Caribbean

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Forest under water!
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Sargassum Seaweed
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Sargassum Seaweed
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Sargassum fish lives in the Sargassum sea
Loggerhead turtle in Sargassum sea
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Phylum ChlorophytaGreen Algae

• Most diverse phyla of plant-like protists
• Most live in fresh water but can live in oceans,
  moist soil, on tree trunks, in snow, and even in
  fur of animals.
• Reproduce asexually and sexually
• Major plankton component

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• ANCESTOR TO PLANTS
• Cellulose in cell walls like plants
• Contain chlorophyll a and b like plants
• Store food in the form of starch like plants

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Green algae bloom
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Green algae bloom
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Satellite image
The light green water color is an algae bloom
caused by farm fertilizer run off.
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Chlamydomonasunicellular green algae
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Desmids unicellular green algae
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Pediastrum
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Paramecium a ciliate with Chlorella (unicellular
green algae) Inside!
Euglena with Chlorella (unicellular green
algae) Inside!
Individual Chlorella
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VolvoxColony form
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Spirogyra filament green algae
Spyrogyra conjugation
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Oscillatoria another filamentous green alga
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Hydrodictyon, the water net
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Ulva multicellular green algae
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symbiotic relationships

• green algae and fungi LICHEN

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LICHEN EXAMPLES
Lichen growing on Sloth
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Fungus-like Protists
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PhylaofFungus-like Protists

• Plasmodium Slime Molds
• Cellular Slime Molds
• Water Molds Downy Mildews

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Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi

• Water molds or mildews
• Cause diseases such as potato blight
• Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant)
• Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell
  walls do not fully close off.
• Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why
  it is protist like (think of Euglena)

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Characteristics in Common

• Heterotrophic absorb nutrients from dead or
  decaying organic matter
• Have centriole true fungi dont
• Lack chitin in cells wall

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Phylum AcrasiomycotaCellular slime mold

• Live in cool moist, shady places where they grow
  on damp, organic matter

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Plasmodium Slime Molds

• Form plasmodium a mass of cytoplasm that
  contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or
  membranes its feeding stage
• Creeps by amoeboid movement 2.5 cm/hour

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Plasmodium continued

• May reach more than a meter in diameter
• Form reproductive structures when surroundings
  dry up
• Spores are dispersed by the wind and grow into
  new plasmodium

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LifeCycle of Oomycota
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Cellular Slime Molds

• In feeding mode, they exist as individual amoebic
  cells
• When food becomes scarce, they come together with
  thousands of their own kind to reproduce
• May look like a plasmodium

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Water Molds and Downy Mildews

• Live in water or moist places
• Feed on dead organisms or parasitize plants
• Fuzzy white growths

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Water Molds -- Oomycota
The water molds are better known as the MILDEWS.
Fish tank fuzz is an example. Protist-like mold
because share common characteristics with
plant-like protists, such as the cell wall
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Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century
Devastated potato crops, causing devastating
starvation in Ireland ?