??af??e?a 1

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??? ??????? S???? ???????G??O? ?F????GO? ?????
F?S???S ??????S ??? ???????G??S ????O?
?F????OS? ????? ?? ????S???F? OS?OS?
??G?S???????S ?S??S??S ??????S ???????G??S ???
??????????????S ??????S ??T?G???S ???GG???S G.
F??????????S ??. ??????S ????????S
??????????G?S   
S?ed?asµ?? ?. ?a?ta??p?????
?p?µ??e?a ??. ??a??e??a ?a?tat?s???
2
??a?es?µ?t?ta ?a?a??? ?e???

• ? ????te?? ap? t? 3 t?? ?e??? st? ?? e??a?
  ?aµ???? pe??e?t???t?ta? se ??ata. ?? 75 a?t??
  e??a? se ste?e? ?at?stas? (p????). ???? t? 1
  e??a? te???? p?s?µ?, a??? t? pe??ss?te??
  ß??s?eta? se ?p??e?e? ap????e?.
• ? ?p?µ??e? µ??? t? 0.05 t?? s???????? ?e???,
  d?a??s?µ? ?????? ap? p?t?µ?a, ??µ?e?, p???? ?a?
  ?e?t??se??.
• ?a ap???µata ?e??? de? ????? sta?e?? ?s??????,
  a??? e?a?t??ta? ap? ???µat???????? ?a? ???e?
  s?????e?, e?? ? a????p??? d?ast????t?ta
  ?atast??fe?, µ?s? ep?µ????se??, ta ?d? ?p?????ta
  ap???µata ?e???.
• ? ???µ?? ?ata????s?? ?e??? st?? ??sµ?
  d?p?as???eta? ???e 20 ?????a, ?epe????ta? ?at?
  d?? f???? t? p?s?st? t?? a???s?? t?? p????sµ??.
  ???ß??peta? ?t? µ???? t? ?t?? 2025 ? ??t?s? ?e???
  ?a ?pe?ße? t?? p??sf??? ?at? 56.

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??a?es?µ?t?ta ?e??? st?? ????da
? St?? ???????? ???? a??et?? pe?????? ?????
p??ß??µa ?a?a??? ?e???. ? ?? ???? t?? et?s???
ß????pt?se?? d?aµ??f??eta? -?at? µ?s? ???- sta
700 ?????st?, p?? a?t?st???e? se 115109 m3. ?a
µ?s? ?????ta? ???? t?? fa???µ???? t??
e?atµ?s?d?ap????, e?? ???a 35109 m3 ?ata??????
st? ???assa, d??. ?at? µ?s? ??? a???p??e?ta?
µ???? t? 1/4 t?? ep?fa?e?a??? ?d?t??. ? ?p???e?
???s? ?ata??µ? st? ???? t?? ß????pt?se??. ?
????da ?????eta? µe µ?a ???t? ??aµµ? se d??
tµ?µata t? a?at?????, p?? ?a??pte? t?? a?at?????
?pe???t??? ????da, ta ??s?? t?? d?t???? ???a???
?a? t?? a?at????? ???t?, e??a? ft??? se ß?????,
se a?t??es? µe t? d?t??? ????da.
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?ata????s? ?e??? st?? ????da

• ?? 2008, pe??p?? t? 85 t?? ap??eµ?t?? ?e??? t??
  ???a? p???????ta? ??a ?e?????? ???s?.
• ? ????a?? ?ata????s? a?t?st?????se st? 12
  pe??p?? t?? p?s?t?t?? p?? ?ata?a?????ta? ???e
  ?????.
• ?? ?p????p? 3 ?ata?a?????e ap? t? ß??µ??a??a ?a?
  t?? pa?a???? e????e?a? (ap? t? s????? 8.243
  e?at?µµ????? m3).

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?? p??ß??µa ?fa?µ???s? t?? ?e???

• ?? a????e? se ?a?a?? ?e?? ?a??pt??ta? µe t??
  e?tat???te?? e?µet???e?s? t?? ?p??e??? ap??eµ?t??
  ?e??? ?a? t?? ep??e??? ?e?µ?t??.
• ?ata????s? ?µ?? µe?a??te?? t?? f?s????
  a?ap????s?? ?d??e? se pt?s? t?? st??µ?? t??
  ?p??e??? ?d?t??.
• ??d??? se pa?a?a??ss?e? pe?????? ? ?pe???t??s?
  ?d??e? se µetat??p?, ???st?? ????te p???? ?e???,
  se ?f??µ??e?. ?? ?e?? t?te ???eta? a?at??????,
  ??? µ??? ??a t?? a????p??? a??? ?a? ??a
  ?p??ad?p?te ???? ???s?. ?????st? p?s?t?ta
  ?a?ass???? ?e???, t?? t???? 1-2 µ?sa st? ?????
  ?e??, ?a??st? t? ????? ?e?? µ? p?s?µ?.
• ?ta? ta ????? d?a??µ??a ste?e? t?? ?e??? (T.D.S.)
  ß??s???ta? µeta?? 0-1.000 mg/l t? ?e?? e??a?
  ????? (fresh), µeta?? 1.000-10.000 mg/l ?e??e?ta?
  ?f??µ??? (brackish), µeta?? 10.000-100.000 mg/l
  a?µ??? (salt or saline) ?a? ??a t?µ?? µe?a??te?e?
  t?? 100.000 mg/l ?pe?a?µ??? (brine).

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? ??s? ?fa??t?s?

• ? afa??t?s? e??a? µ?a d?e??as?a d?a????sµ??
  a??t?? ?a? ?e??? ap? ?dat???, a?at???a d?a??µata
  ?a? efa?µ??eta? se µe???? ???µa?a ??a t??
  pa?a???? ?a?a??? ?e??? ??a ???e ???s? (????a??,
  ß??µ??a????, a???t???).
• ? afa??t?s? ?s?? ap?te?e? t?? µe????t??? e?p?da
  t?? a????p?t?ta?, ??? p??a??? ??a t?? pa?a????
  ?????? ?e??? se pe?????? ?p?? de? ?p?????? p????
  f?s???? ?e???, a??? ??a ??e? t?? pe?????? t?? ???
  ?a? ?????? ??a ta µe???a ast??? ???t?a ?p?? t?
  ?p????? µ???sµ??? ?e?? ?a ?a?a???eta? p???? µe
  µ?a ap? t?? µe??d??? afa??t?s??.
• ?? pa?????te? p?? ?a???????? t? ??st?? t??
  afa??t?s?? pe???aµß????? t? µ??e??? ?a? t? e?d??
  t?? e??at?stas??, t? ??s?, t? ?e?? t??f?d?s?a?,
  t? e??at??? ??st??, t?? e????e?a, t?
  ???µat?d?t?s? ?a? t? d???es? t?? ap?ß??t??.

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???atast?se?? afa??t?s??

• S?µf??a µe t? ??e??? ???s? ?fa??t?s??
  (International Desalination Association), t? 2009
  ?e?t??????sa? se ??? t?? ??sµ? 14,451
  e??atast?se?? afa??t?s??, µ?s?? ? µe?????
  pa?????, µe s??????? pa?a???? 59,9 e?at?µµ???a m3
  a?? ?µ??a, µe et?s?a a???s? 12,3. ? pa?a????
  ?ftase ta 68 e?at?µµ???a t? 2010 ?a? a?aµ??eta?
  ?a f??se? ta 120 e?at?µµ???a t? 2020. T?
  p????te?? de d??t?? t?? e??atast?se?? ß??s?eta?
  st?? pe?????? t?? ???p??, st?? ??aß???? ???e? ?a?
  ta ?µ???ta.
• St?? ???????? ???? µ???de? afa??t?s?? ?e?t???????
  se a??et? ??s?? (S????, ???????, ??????a, ?????
  ??p.), ?a??? ?a? se ???sµ??e? ß??µ??a?????
  µ???de?.

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????d?? afa??t?s??

• ? e??tµ?s? ? ?p?? s?????? a?af??eta?, ap?sta??
• (efa?µ??eta? se p?s?st? 76 s?????t??? µe t??
  ?p????pe? µe??d???, ??a e??atast?se?? µe pa????
  µe?a??te?? t?? 4000 m3/d)
• ? ??e?t??d????s?
• (2.3 t?? pa?a????? t?? afa?at?µ???? ?e??? ??a
  e??atast?se?? µe?a??te?e? t?? 4000 m3/d ?a? t?
  5.7 ??a pa???? 100 ??? 4000 m3/d)
• ? a?t?st??f? ?sµ?s? (Reverse osmosis, R.?.)
• (af??? t? 32.6 t?? e??atast?se?? µe ????t???t?ta
  100 ??? 4000 m3/d ?a? t? 19.5 t?? e??atast?se??
  µe ????t???t?ta µe?a??te?? t?? 4000 m3/d)
• ?? ?ß??d???? µ???d??
• ? ????

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????? e????e?a?

• ?? s?µßat???? µ??f?? e????e?a?
• ?? pet???a??, t? ?p??? ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
  pe??ss?te??
• ?a d??f??a e?d? t?? ????t?? a???????
• ?a f?s??? ?a?s?µa a???a
• ? p??????? e????e?a
• ?e?te?e???se? p???? e????e?a?
• ??a??a?t???? (a?a?e?s?µe?) ???a??
  (f?t?ß??ta???), a??????, ?e??e?µ??? e????e?a
• ? ap????pt?µe?? e????e?a ß??µ??a?????
  e??atast?se??
• ? apatµ?? d?af???? ß??µ??a????
• ? ??e?t???? e????e?a se e?t?? a??µ?? ????????
  pe???d???

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?sµ?s?

• ? ?sµ?s? e??a? t? fa???µe?? ?at? t? ?p??? d??
  d?a??µata, ?ta? ???????ta? ap? µ?a ?µ?pe?at?
  µeµß????, t? ?e?? ?a pe??se? ?a? ?a ?????e? ap?
  t? a?a??te?? p??? t? p????te?? d????µa, ?ste t?
  te?e?ta?? ?a a?a???e? ?a? te???? ?a ???e? ?a?
  a?t? t? ?d?? ?a?a??.

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?sµ?s?

• ? d?ad??as?a a?t? e??a? f?s??? fa???µe?? ?a? µe
  a?t?? t?? t??p? a?ta???ss??ta? ???? sta ??tta?a
  t?? ???a??sµ?? µa?, ?a??? ep?s?? sta ??a ?a? sta
  f?t?.
• ? ?sµ?s?, se s??d?asµ? µe ta t????e?d? fa???µe?a,
  e??a? ?pe????? ??a t?? a????s? t?? ?e??? ap? t??
  ???e? sta f???a t?? d??t??? ?a??? ta d?a??µata
  t?? ??tt???? t?? f????? e??a? p?? p???? µe
  ap?t??esµa ?e?? ?a ???e?ta? p??? a?t? ??a ?a
  a?a??????.

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??t?st??f? ?sµ?s?

• ?? a?t??et? t?? ?sµ?s?? e??a? ? a?t?st??f?
  ?sµ?s?, ?p?? t? p??? ?a?a??sµ? ?e?? p???eta? ?a
  pe??se? µ?sa ap? µ?a µeµß???? ? ?p??a ep?t??pe?
  ep??e?t??? µ??? ta µ???a t?? ?e??? ?a pe??s???
  µ?sa ap? a?t??.
• ?? e?e???µe?? ?e?? e??a? e?e??e?? ap? ???e e?d???
  a?a?a?s?e?, ap? s???????, ??ata, ???a?????
  ??s?e?, ??p?sµata, pa?as?t??t??a, µ???? ?a? ???e
  e?d??? ep????d????? µ???????a??sµ???, ßa?t???a
  ?a? ????. ?? pa?ap??? p??sµ??e?? ap????pt??ta?
  st?? ap???te?s? µa?? µe ??a p?s?st? ?e???.

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?fa?µ???? t?? ??t?st??f?? ?sµ?s??

• ?fa??t?s?
• ?a?a??sµ?? p?s?µ?? ?e???
• ?a?a??sµ?? ?e??? ap?ß??t??
• ???µ??a??a t??f?µ??
• ? ??t?st??f? ?sµ?s? e??a? µ?a ??????µ???te??
  d?e??as?a ??a t? s?µp????s? ????? t??f?µ?? (?p??
  ??µ?? f???t??) ap? t?? s?µßat???? d?e??as?e?
  ?e?µ???? ?ate??as?a?. ? ??t?st??f? ?sµ?s? ep?s??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? e????? st? ß??µ??a??a
  ?a?a?t???µ???? p?????t?? (p.?. s?µp????s?
  ???a?t?? ??a µe??s? e??d?? µetaf????).
• ???s?µ? a?t?????t??
• ???? t?? ?aµ???? pe??e?t???t?t?? t?? se a????a?a
  ??ata, t? ?e?? t?? ??t?st??f?? ?sµ?s??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? s???? se p???t???a a?t?????t??
  ?at? t?? te???? ??p??s? t?? ???µat??, ?ste ?a
  ap?t?ap??? ?? ????de? ep? t?? ???µat??.
• ?a?a???? ?d???????
• G?a µ????? ???µa?a? pa?a???? ?d???????, ?
  ??t?st??f? ?sµ?s? µe????? f???? ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
  ??a t?? p?????? s??µat?sµ?? ????t?? st??
  ep?f??e?a t?? ??e?t??d???.

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Osµ?t??? p?es?
? Osµ?t??? p?es? ? e????st? p?es? p?? p??pe? ?a
as???e? e??te???? se d????µa, p?? d?a?????eta? µe
?µ?pe?at? µeµß???? ap? t?? ?a?a?? d?a??t? t??,
?ste ?a eµp?d?ste? t? fa???µe?? t?? ?sµ?s??,
????? ?a µetaß???e? ? ????? t?? d?a??µat??. ? ?
a???µ?t??? t?µ? t?? ?sµ?t???? p?es?? e??a?
s????t?s? t?? s?????t??s?? t?? ?e??? se ??ata ?a?
t?? ?e?µ???as?a? t??, a?e???t?t? de ap? t?
µeµß????. ? ?? ?a?????? ?a?ass??? ?e??
a?µ???t?ta? 35 g/kg ??e? ?sµ?t??? p?es? 26 bar,
e?? se ?e?? µe a?µ???t?ta 50 g/kg ? ?sµ?t???
p?es? a????eta? se 38 bar.
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St?d?a ?e?t?????a? ?.O.

• ???se?t??? ?ate??as?a t?? ?e??? t??f?d?t?s??
• S?µp?es? t?? p???ate??asµ???? ?e??? t??f?d?t?s??
  se a?t??a ?????? p?es??
• ?fa??t?s? t?? ?e??? se µ?a µ???da ? ?p??a
  ap?te?e?ta? ap? pe??ss?te?a st???e?a a?t?st??f??
  ?sµ?s??
• ?e???? ?ate??as?a t?? afa?at?µ???? ?e???.

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????ate??as?a t?? ?e??? t??f?d?t?s??

• ? a????s? t?? ?e??? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ?a?
  pe???aµß??e? t?? pa?a??t? f?s???? pa?aµ?t????
• T???t?ta, ???µa, pH ?a? µ?s? ?e?µ???as?a
  ??t??s??
• ?e??t? p????t?ta? ????? (Silt Density Index,
  SDI) ??a ta pe??e??µe?a ?????e?d? s?stat???
• ?e??e?t???t?ta se ????ßa?t???d?a ?a? se d??f??a
  ???a ßa?t???d?a
• ?e??e??µe?a a???a p.?. ???????, CO2, ?d???e??
  ?.?.p.
• TDS (s??????? d?a??µ??a ste?e?)
• ??ata t?? ?e??? asß?st??, µa???s??, ?????,
  s?d???, µa??????, ß???? ?a? st???t??, p???t??,
  ?e????, ??t????, aµµ???a, f?sf?????, f???????a
  ?a? ????????a.

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?p?te??sµata t?? ?a??? p???t?ta? ?e???

• ?a a??t??? s?stat???, e?? de? ap?µa???????? ?????
  ? ??? ??a ep?t?ept? ????, d?µ???????? p??ß??µa
  st? d?ep?f??e?a µeµß?????-?e???, st? µeµß???? ?a?
  sta st???e?a µeµß?????.
• Ge???? d?µ????????
• ?p???µata (scaling) st?? ep?f??e?a t?? µeµß?????
  ap? ?p??ßas? t?? ????? d?a??t?t?ta? ? ap?
  s??µat?sµ? ad????t?? a??t?? ???? t?p????
  a?t?d??se??.
• ?p?????s? st?? ep?f??e?a t?? µeµß????? p???
  ?ept?? s?µat?d??? ? ?????e?d?? s?stat????.
• ??µ???? a?t?d??se?? st? d?ep?f??e?a µeµß????-?e??
  t??f?d?t?s??.
• ???s??f?s? ap? t?? p???µe?e?? ?µ?de? t??
  µeµß?????, d?af???? µa???µ????? p?? pe??????ta?
  st? ?e?? ? s??µat?sµ? ?ept?? st??µat?? ?e?at??a?.
• F????µ?, ap? ta ?ept? a?????µe?a s?stat???, t??
  ?a?a???? ?????f???a? t?? ??µ??, sta st???e?a t??
  a?t?st??f?? ?sµ?s??.

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?eta?ate??as?a

• ?? afa?at?µ??? ?e?? pa???s???e? µe???? d?aß??t???
  ??a??t?ta.
• ?ta? t? afa?at?µ??? ?e?? p??????eta? ??a ????a??
  ???s? ? ??a p?s? de? e??a? d??at? ? p??s????
  a?asta?t???? t?? d??ß??s?? ??a ?????? ???e????.
• Se a?t?? t?? pe??pt?se?? p??st??eta? µ????
  p?s?t?ta ?????????? asßest??? (CaCl2) ?a? ??????
  a???a????? ?at???? (NaHCO3)
• CaCl2 2NaHCO3 ?
  Ca(HCO3)2 2NaCl
• ?? ????????? ??t??? (NaCl) ße?t???e? t? ?e?s? t??
  ?e???.
• ?? ????? a???a???? asß?st?? (Ca(HCO3)2)
  s??µat??e? p??state?t??? st??µa st?? ep?f??e?a
  t?? µet?????, eµp?d????ta? t? d??ß??s?.
• ?a?t?????a, p??st??eta? st? ?e?? µ???? p?s?t?ta
  a???a????? ?at???? (Na2CO3) ??a t? d?sµe?s? t??
  d???e?d??? t?? ????a?a.

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?a?????te? p?? ep??e????? t?? ?.O.
? ??es? ? Te?µ???as?a ? ?p?d?s? ? S?????t??s?
??at?? st? ?e?? t??f?d?s?a?.
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?eµß???e? d?a????sµ?? ?.O.

• ?atas?e?????ta? ?????? ap? s???et??? ????? (?ept?
  s???et??? st??µa), ???st? ?? TFC, ?p?? e??a? ta
  p???µe?? p???aµ?d??? (PA).
• ?? pa?a??te?e? µeµß???e? e??a? ?atas?e?asµ??e?
  ap? ????? ??tta???? (Cellulose acetate-CA).
• ?? µeµß???e? e??a? p??? ?ept? f???a ta ?p??a
  ap?te???? ??a f???µa st?? e?e??e?? ??? t??
  d?a??µat?? t??f?d?t?s??. ?p?te????ta? ap? d??
  d?a?e???µ??e? st??ß?de?
• a) µ?a ?ept?tat?, t?? ?µ??a (skin) p?? e??a? t?
  d?ast??? tµ?µa t?? µeµß????? ??a t? d?a????sµ?
  t?? ?e??? ap? ta d?a??µ??a ? a?????µe?a s?stat???
  ?a?
• ß) ??a ?ept? st??µa ap?te???µe?? ap? p???de?
  ????? t? ?p??? e??a? pe?at? t?s? ap? t? ?e?? ?s?
  ?a? ap? ta ?p????pa s?stat??? p?? pe??????ta? se
  a?t?.

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?a?a?t???st??? µeµß?a???

• ?a ?atas?e???eta? e????a.
• ?a e??a? f????.
• ?a ??e? ??a??p???t??? d????e?a ????.
• ?a ??e? ??a??p???t??? µ??a???? a?t??? t?s? ?at?
  t? s??a?µ?????s? t?? se st???e?a ?s? ?a? st??
  efa?µ???µe?? p?es? ?at? t? ?e?t?????a t??.
• ?a ??e? ??µ???, f?s??? ?a? ?e?µ??? sta?e??t?ta
  st? ?a?ass??? ?e?? a??? ?a? st? ?f??µ???.
• ?a ??e? µe???? pe?at?t?ta st? ?e?? ?a? s????????
  ?a ??e? t? µe?a??te?? d??at? ap?????? a??t??.
• ?a ??e? t? µ????te?? d??at? p????.

22
?eµß???e? ??t?st??f?? ?sµ?s??
23
??p?? µeµß?a???

• ?p?????? 4 t?p?? µeµß?a??? ?.O. t?p??
  d?s???-p?a?s??? ? ep?ped?? t?p??, s?????t??
  t?p??, spe???e?d?? t?p?? ?a? t?p?? ?????? ???? ?
  t????e?d?? s??????.
• S?????s? µeta?? t???, ?s?? af???
• ??st?? s?st?µat??s?????t??, ep?ped?? gtgt ??????
  ????, spe???e?d??
• ??e????a s?ed?asµ?? spe???e?d?? gt ?????? ???? gt
  ep?ped?? gt s?????t??
• ?pa?t??µe??? ????? s?st?µat?? s?????t?? gtgt
  ep?ped?? gt spe???e?d?? gt ?????? ????
• ??a?s??s?a se ??pa?s? ?????? ???? gtgt
  spe???e?d?? gt ep?ped?? gt s?????t??
• ???s? e????e?a? s?????t?? gt ep?ped?? gt ??????
  ???? gt spe???e?d??

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??p?? d?s??? - p?a?s??? ? ep?ped?? t?p??

• ????e?ta? ??a s????? µeµß?a??? ep?ped?? s??µat??,
  ?? ?p??e? t?p??et???ta? e?d??µesa se e?d???
  d??t??ta p???d? p?a?s?a. ?a p?a?s?a a?t?
  ???s?µe???? ??a t? st????? t?? µeµß?a???. ?? ?e??
  t??f?d?s?a? ??e? a??µesa st? ste?? ?????µa p??
  µes??aße? µeta?? t?? ep?fa?e??? t?? µeµß?a???,
  e?? t? p????? s?????eta? d?aµ?s?? t?? e?d????
  a????µ?t?? p?? ????? ta p?a?s?a. ??t?? ? t?p??
  ap?te?e? µ?a ap? t?? p??te? ?a? ap???ste?e?
  ?atas?e???.

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S?????t?? t?p??

• ?? µeµß???e? t?p??et???ta? µ?sa se d??t??t???
  µeta??????? ? se p???de?? s????e? st?????? ap?
  fiberglass. ?? ?e?? p??? ?a?a??sµ? t??f?d?te?ta?
  ?p? p?es? st? ??a ???? t?? s????a, ? d??µet???
  t?? ?p???? e??a? 0.5 1 ??tse?. ?? ?a?a?? ?e??
  pe???e? ap? t? µeµß???? ?a? s?????eta? st?
  e??te???? µ???? t?? s????a. ?? ap????pt??
  s?µp????µa ß?a??e? ap? t? ???? µ???? t?? s????a.

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Spe???e?d?? t?p??

• ??? µeµß???e? t?p??et???ta? se epaf? µe ??a
  p???de? e??aµpt? ????? st??????, ?ste ?a
  d?µ?????e?ta? ? d??ta??, µeµß???? - ?????
  st?????? - µeµß????. ?a t??a a?t? st??µata
  ste?e????ta? µa?? st?? ????. ??a? d??t??t??
  s????a? pa?eµß???eta? µeta?? t?? µeµß?a???, t?
  s?????t?µa t?? µeµß?a??? t????eta? p??? s a?t??
  t?? s????a µa?? µe ??a ?at?????? ????? p??
  ???s?µe?e? st? ?a d?a?????e? t?? ep?f??e?e? t??
  µeµß?a??? ?a? d?µ?????e?ta? ?ts? ??a? ?????d???.
  ? ?????d??? a?t?? t??f?d?te?ta? µ?s? t?? d??d??
  p?? ??e? p??ß?ef?e? st? d?a????st??? ?????, e??
  t? p????? ??e? spe???e?d?? p??? t?? ?e?t????
  s????a, ? ?p???? e??a? p??s?????µ???? st? t????µa
  t?? d??e??? p?es??.

http//espwaterproducts.com/about-reverse-osmosis.
htm
27
??p?? ?????? ???? ? t????e?d?? s??????

• ?p?te?e? t?? p?? s?µpa?? d??ta?? ap? ??e?,
  ???s?µ?p????ta? ??e? es?te????? d?aµ?t??? 42 µm
  ?a? e??te????? d?aµ?t??? 85 µm. Se ??a s????a 4
  ??ts?? pe??????ta? ??a e?at?µµ???? t?t??e? ??e?
  p???ap?as?????t?? t?? a?? µ???da ????? ep?f??e?a
  t?? s?s?e??? ?at? 50 f???? se s??s? µe t?
  s?????t? t?p? ?a? ?at? 15 pe??p?? f???? se s??s?
  µe t?? spe???e?d? t?p?. ? t?p?? a?t?? ap?te?e?
  t?? p?? e?e???µ??? µ??f? t?? µeµß?a??? ?a?
  ß??s?e? µe???? efa?µ??? pa???sµ???.

http//www.gewater.com/handbook/ext_treatment/fig9
-5.jsp
28
??? d?a t?? µeµß?a???

• ??? t?? ?e??? d?a t?? µeµß?????. ? ??? e??a? µ?a
  f?s??? ?d??t?ta t?? µeµß????? ?a ep?t??pe? µ?a
  ?a????sµ??? p?s?t?ta ?e??? ?a d????eta? ap? t??
  µ??a t?? st?? µ???da t?? ??????. ??e? s?µß??? Jp
  ?a? µ???da µ?t??s?? m3/s. ?at? t?? ??? t?? ?e???
  d?a t?? µeµß????? ? µetaf??? t?? µ????? t?? ?e???
  ?a?????eta? ap? t?? pe?at?t?ta t?? µeµß????? ?a?
  ap? t?? ep???at??sa d?af??? p?es?? st?? d??
  p?e???? t??.
• JP A (P ??)
  (1)
• JP ? ????µet???? ??? t?? ?a?a??? ?e??? st?
  µeµß???? (m3/s)
• P ? p?es? ?e?t?????a? t?? µeµß????? (Pa)
• ?? ?t??f ?p?, d??ad? ? d?af??? t?? ?sµ?t????
  p?es?? st?? d?? p?e???? t?? µeµß????? (t?? ?e???
  t??f?d?t?s?? ?a? t?? afa?at?µ???? ?e???) (Pa)
• ? sta?e?? pe?at?t?ta? ?e??? (m3/s?a)

29
Osµ?t??? p?es?

• ? 2 C R T
  (2)
• ? ?sµ?t??? p?es? (atm) d?a??µat?? NaCl
• C s?????t??s? ??at?? (mol/l)
• R pa???sµ?a sta?e?? t?? ae???? (0.082
  latm/molK)
• T ap???t? ?e?µ???as?a (K)
•  
• ? s??te?est?? 2 d????e? ta d?? ???ta p??
  p????pt??? ap? t?? d??stas? t?? NaCl.
• NaCl
  Na Cl-
• ??es? ???a? t? p????? t?? d??aµ?? (F) p??
  as?e?ta? ???eta se µ?a ep?f??e?a (S) p??? t?
  eµßad?? t?? ep?f??e?a? (?)
• ??e???? S?st?µa ????d?? (S.I.) 1 Pa 1 N/m2
• 760 mm Hg 1 atm 1.013105 Pa
• 1 bar 1105 Pa

30
??? d?a t?? µeµß?a???

• ??? t?? d?a??µ???? a??t??. ??? ???µ??eta? ep?s??
  ?a? ? d????s? t?? a??t?? t?? d?a??µat?? ap? µ?a
  ate?? µeµß????. ??e? s?µß??? Js ?a? µ???da
  µ?t??s?? mol/s. St?? pe??pt?s? a?t?, ? µetaf???
  t?? µ????? t?? a??t?? ???eta? µ??? µe d????s?,
  ???? t?? d?af???? t?? ??µ???? d??aµ???? t?? d??
  d?a??µ?t??.
• Js B ?Cs
  (3)
• Js ? ??? t?? a??t?? ???? d????s?? (mol/s)
  Js Jp Cp (4)
• ?Cs CF - CP d??ad? ? d?af??? s?????t??s?? t??
  a??t?? sta d??
• d?a??µata st?? d?? p?e???? t??
  µeµß????? (mol/m3)
• CP ? s?????t??s? ??at?? st? p????? (mol/m3)
• CF ? s?????t??s? ??at?? st?? t??f?d?s?a
  (mol/m3)
• ? sta?e?? pe?at?t?ta? ??at?? (m3/s)

31
?????aµµa ???? s?st?µat?? ?.O.
?e?aµe?? t??f?d?s?a? ??t??a ?aµ???? p?es?? F??t??
s?µat?d??? F??t?? ????a?a F??t?? UV ??t??a ??????
p?es?? ?eµß???e? ?.O. ?a??µet?? ???a ???µet?? ????
?µ?µet??
32
?s?????a pa?????, ??at??

• ?s?????? pa????? JF JP Jb
  (5)
• ?s?????? ??at?? JF CF JP CP Jb Cb
  (6)

?p?? JF ? ????µet???? ??? (pa????) t?? a?µ????
?e??? (t??f?d?s?a) (m3/s) JP ? ????µet???? ???
t?? ?a?a??? ?e??? (p?????) st? µeµß???? (m3/s) Jb
? ????µet???? ??? t?? ??µ?? (m3/s) CF ?
s?????t??s? ??at?? st?? t??f?d?s?a (mol/m3 ) CP
? s?????t??s? ??at?? st? p????? (mol/m3 ) Cb ?
s?????t??s? ??at?? st?? ??µ? (mol/m3)
33
?p?????? ??at?? - ?p?d?s? s?st?µat??

• ap????s? t?? pe??aµat???? µet??se?? ap? t?
  ?s?????? ??at??
• JF CF (JP CP Jb Cb) 100/(JF CF)
  (7)
• Rr p?s?st? ap??????? ??at??
• Rr 1- (CP/CF) 100
  (8)
• a ap?d?s? s?st?µat?? se p????? s?????t???
  µe t?? pa???? t??f?d?s?a?
• a (JP/JF) 100
  (9)

34
?e??aµat??? µ???? ?et??se??
? ?e te?e??? a????t? t? ß??a st?a??a??sµ??
e??????µe t? s?st?µa. ? ?e t? ß??a ???µ????µe
t?? p?es? sta 25 bar. ? ?ta? sta?e??p????e? ?
??de??? e?d???? a????µ?t?ta? st? p?????, µet??µe
t?? pa???? t?? p?????t?? JP ?a? t?? ??µ?? Jb
(ml/s). ? S?µe?????µe t? ?e?µ???as?a. ?
?a?????µe de??µata ap? t? p?????, t?? t??f?d?s?a
?a? t?? ??µ? ?a? µe t? a????µ?µet?? µet???µe t??
e?d??? a????µ?t?t? t???.
35
?e??aµat??? µ???? ?p?????sµ?? 1

• ?a???? t??f?d?s?a? JF (m3/s)
• S???e?t??se?? p?????t?? CP, t??f?d?s?a? CF ?a?
  ??µ?? Cb se ppm
• ??? ????µe t?µ?? e?d???? a????µ?t?ta? µ???? 15000
  µS/cm, ???s?µ?p????µe t? s??s?
• y 3,5418 x 0,921
• ?p?? y ? e?d??? a????µ?t?ta se µS/cm ?a? x ?
  s?????t??s? se ppm.
• G?a ?a ß???µe t? s?????t??s? se ppm ?????µe ??
  p??? x,
• x 10 (logy-log3.5418)/0.921
  (10)
• ?a? µetat??p??µe ta ppm (g/m3) se mol/m3
  d?a????ta? µe 58.5 (?? NaCl).

36
?e??aµat??? µ???? ?p?????sµ?? 2

• ap????s? t?? pe??aµat???? µet??se?? ap? t?
  ?s?????? ??at??
• JF CF (JP CP Jb Cb) 100/(JF CF)
• p?s?st? ap??????? ??at?? ( Rr)
• Rr 1- (CP/CP) 100
• ap?d?s? s?st?µat?? se p????? s?????t??? µe
  pa???? t??f?d?s?a? ( a)
• a (JP/JF) 100

37
?e??aµat??? µ???? ?p?????sµ?? 3

• sta?e?? pe?at?t?ta? ??at?? ? (m3/s)
• Js B ?Cs
• sta?e?? pe?at?t?ta? ?e??? ? (m3/s ?a)
• JP A (P ??)

38
??????µ??? st???e?a ?ap??? e??at?stas?? µ???da?
afa??t?s?? µe ?.O.
39
??????µ??? st???e?a ?e?t??????? ??st??
40
??p??? ?ata??µ? ??st??? ??a ??a e???st?s??
afa??t?s?? µe ??t?st??f? ?sµ?s?
41
????de? ??t?st??f?? ?sµ?s?? sta ???????? ??s??