Fiber Optics

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Fiber Optics

• By Herlina Lim
• Chem 323
• Analytical Instrumentation

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Chronological History

• In 1870 ? John Tyndall demonstrated that light
  follows the curve of a stream of water pouring
  from a container.
• In the 1950's ? more research and development
  into the transmission of visible images through
  optical fibers.
• In 1966 ? Charles Kao and George Hockham proposed
  the transmission of information over glass fiber.

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What is Fiber Optic?

• A thin and very fine strand of glass or plastic
  that carries light transmissions over long
  distance.

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Three main parts of Fiber optics

• 1st part Core (placed in the centre of the
  fiber. This is where the light will travel)
• 2nd part Cladding (outer optical material that
  reflects the light back into the core)
• 3rd part Buffer Coating (plastic coating that
  protects the fiber from damage and moisture)

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The principle Total Internal Reflection

• Lights travel through the core by constantly
  reflecting from the cladding as the angle of
  incidence always greater than critical angel.
• Since cladding does not absorb any light from the
  core, the light wave can travel great distances.

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Fiber-Optic Relay System

• Optical Transmitter produces light signals
• Fiber optic cable conducts the signals over a
  distance
• Optical Receiver receives the light signals

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Two types of fiber optic cable

• Single Mode Fiber
• Multi Mode Fiber

• one mode of transmission
• Carry higher bandwidth than
• multimode fiber but requires
• a light source with a narrow
• spectral width
• Used in telephones and cable TV

• Multiple mode of transmission
• In long cable runs, multiple paths
• of lights can cause signal distortion
• at the receiving end ? unclear and
• incomplete data transmission
• Used in computer networking

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Advantages compare to copper wires

• Less expensive
• Thinner
• Higher carrying capacity
• Light and digital signals
• Low power
• Non-flammable
• Flexible

Coiled Copper Wire Rod
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Bronchoscopes
Bronchoscope
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References

• http//www.xpressindia.com/White_papers/how_fiber_
  optics_work.htm
• http//www.datacottage.com/nch/fibre.htm
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages
  /9138.htm
• http//www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/11603-8.as
  p