The Roman Empire

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• The Roman Empire
• Early, High Late Architecture

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The Early Empire (27 B.C. 98 C.E.)

• Understand the role of the Colosseum and
  amphitheater in Roman life.
• Understand the development of Roman art and
  architecture as the empire expands and develops.

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Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.
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Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian
Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 7080 CE.-oval
shaped 615 x 510 -outer wall159 H-top
wall supported an awning for shade-
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• engaged columns
• From bottom to top, different orders of arch.
  From basic to complex (Hellenistic influence)
• Tuscanplain order on ground level
• Ionic2nd
• Corinthian3rd
• Corinthian pilasters4th
• Attic story has small, square windows that
  alternate with bronze cartouches (shield shaped
  ornaments)
• Colosseummost of it was dismantled during Middle
  Ages for marble, metal fittings and materials for
  churches

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Vaulted construction
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THE ARCH OF TITUS

• The arch begins during Flavian dynasty as part
  architecture, part sculpture celebrating a formal
  victory
• Commissioned by emperor Domitian to honor his
  brother, Titus
• Made of concrete but faced with marble
• Originally the base for a statue of a 4 horse
  chariot and driver
• Columns are in the Composite order

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Arch of Titus Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.
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Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from the Arch
of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7
10 high.
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• Titus captured Jerusalem where Jews were
  revolting
• Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem,
  carried off its sacred treasures and displayed
  them in a triumphal procession in Rome
• Used relief to show sense of space

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Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of
Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7 10
high.
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High Empire ( 96 192 C.E.)

• Understand the political nature of Roman art and
  architecture, especially as it communicates ideas
  of power for the emperor and empire.
• Examine the architectural development of the
  Roman forum, the markets, the triumphal arches
  and, in particular, the Pantheon.

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Art under Trajan in Spain, Africa, Italy

• Understand the political nature of Roman art and
  architecture, especially as it communicates ideas
  of power for the emperor and empire.
• Examine artistic development and formal changes,
  especially issues of space and narration in the
  Column of Trajan.
• Trajan chooses Apollodorus of Damascus to
  redesign the Forum (Romes city center)

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Figure 10-43 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, Forum of
Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE. (James E.
Packer and John Burge). 1) Temple of Trajan, 2)
Column of Trajan, 3) libraries, 4) Basilica
Ulpia, 5) forum, 6) equestrian statue of Trajan.
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Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy,
dedicated 112 CE. marble
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• Detail, Colum of Trajan
• -shows them crossing the Danube and building a
  fort
• -propaganda

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• Like a giant scroll
• Refined, pictoral narrative of Dacian campaigns
  102-103 and 105-106 C.E.
• 2,500 individual figures with a recurring Trajan

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Figure 10-47 Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy,
ca. 114118 CE.
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Architecture of the High Empire

• Examine the architectural development of the
  Roman forum, the markets, the triumphal arches
  and, in particular, the Pantheon.
• Explore the luxuries of Hadrian

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Pantheon Rome, Italy, 118 125 CE.
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Reconstruction drawing of the Pantheon
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Restored cutaway view (left) and lateral section
(right) of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118125 CE.
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Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118125
CE.
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Late Empire (192-337 C.E.)

• Understand the cultural influences that bring
  about changes in Roman art and architecture in
  the Late Empire period.
• Relate aspects of Roman culture and their
  influence in today's life.
• Understand how power, order and lost
  individuality are expressed in the art of the
  Late Empire.
• Examine the changes brought about in the art and
  architecture in the time of Constantine.
• Consider the Roman Empire as a bridge between the
  ancient and medieval and modern worlds. 

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Arch of Constantine (south side), Rome, Italy,
312315 CE.
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• HUGE arch next to Coloseum, dwarfs the Arch of
  Titus
• 3 barrel vaulted arch
• Abstract style is removed from realism of before
• Constantinebridge to the art of the Middle Ages

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Discussion Questions

• What are some of the unique elements of Roman art
  and architecture that distinguish it from Greek
  and other art of the same time period?
• In what ways does Roman art and architecture
  incorporate the arts of conquered peoples from
  England to Egypt?