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Hearts and Minds

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Title: Hearts and Minds


1
Hearts and Minds
  • Political Culture, Ideology, and Good Government

2
I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture
3
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I. Social Capital Putnams Theory of Civic
Culture
  • Defining Social Capital
  • Coleman (1988) Social capital is defined by its
    function. It is not a single entity but a variety
    of different entities, with two elements in
    common they all consist of some aspect of social
    structures, and they facilitate certain actions
    of actors-whether persons or corporate
    actors-within the structure. Like other forms of
    capital, social capital is productive, making
    possible the achievement of certain ends that in
    its absence would not be possible.
  • Putnam (2000) social capital refers to
    connections among individuals social networks
    and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness
    that come from them.

5
3. How might social capital change society?
6
B. Origins of Social Capital
  • Putnams experiment
  • Italy 15 identical regional governments
    situated in different economic and cultural
    contexts. Did they perform differently? If so,
    why?

7
a. Political-Economic Performance in Italy
  • Performance has been quite varied. Government in
    the North good government in the South not
    so good.
  • Institutions are the same but performance varies.
    WHY?

8
b. Competing hypotheses regarding the difference
between North and South
  • Hypothesis 1 Economic development. The North is
    rich, the South is poor.
  • Hypothesis 2 Culture. Civic culture is high in
    the North, low in the South.

9
c. Explanations for the difference between the
North and the South?
  • Putnam Hypothesis 2 (Culture) better explains
    Italian history
  • Why? Because the cultural differences observed
    in Northern Italy emerged first, before the
    economic differences, and long before the
    political ones.

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2. The historical sources of civic culture in
Italy
  • Medieval Italy a time of great violence and
    anarchy. Insecurity was a constant fact of life.
  • In the South the solution was to strengthen the
    power of the king, who could then secure the
    area.
  • In the North the solution was self-governance
    and mutual aid and defense.

12
The historical origins . . .
  • These different solutions had a long-lasting
    impact on the cultural traditions of the areas.
    A rich associational life flourished in the
    North, atrophied in the South.
  • Furthermore, these cultural traditions emerged
    well before economic differences became
    entrenched.
  • Thus, culture preceded politics and economics.

13
3. What about America?
Theory Slavery and segregation intended to
destroy social capital ? long-term effects (path
dependence, just like Italy)
14
C. Putnams Theory of Associational Effects on
Politics and the Economy
  • 1. Rich associational life (social capital) ?
    Solves collective action problems.
  • Rich associational life means people interact
    repeatedly with one another, which helps them
    identify and punish free-riders.
  • Rich associational life also promotes norms of
    reciprocity.

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2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
17
2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
18
2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
19
2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
20
2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
21
2. Putnam Social Capital Increases Equality and
Prosperity
22
Cross-National Studies Same Results
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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
  • Associational life is decreasing people no
    longer form cross-cutting associations

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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
  • Associational life is decreasing people no
    longer form cross-cutting associations
  • Interest in politics has also decreased
  • Social trust has decreased

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D. Putnams Fear The Decline of American Social
Capital
  • Associational life is decreasing people no
    longer form cross-cutting associations
  • Interest in politics has also decreased
  • Social trust has decreased
  • Generational change ? Continued loss of civic life

30
Is the US Evolving Beyond Civic Life?
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Putnams Villain TV (In Other Societies War,
Policies, Poverty, etc)
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E. Objections and Limitations
  • Cooperation might be good or bad for democracy.
    (Associational groupings contributed to Hitlers
    rise). Liberalism good government is founded on
    distrust!
  • Group politics can be inefficient Mancur Olson
    fears distributional groups in place of
    encompassing groups
  • Measurement issues make social capital
    difficult to incorporate in predictions (can be
    circular)
  • Institutions can produce/reduce trust difficult
    to apply theory to different systems

35
Trust Produced by Institutions
36
II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?
  • Confucianism and Asian Values
  • General argument Eastern societies see people as
    part of an organic whole (society)

37
US Cold Warriors on Asia
  • By tradition and preference Asiatic people turn
    to authoritarian government. In contrast with
    us, they lack historical experience of liberty
    and and personal experience of individualismThey
    are particularly susceptible to the seizure of
    political power by force or assassination and to
    the concealed aggression of communism.
  • NSC 48, 31 August draft

38
II. Communitarianism Is Individualism Western?
  • Confucianism and Asian Values
  • General argument Eastern societies see people as
    part of an organic whole (society)
  • Specific arguments Rejection of self-expression
    and individual profit in favor of social
    stability and teamwork. Economic rights favored
    over political rights positive vs. negative
    freedoms.

39
3. Example Lee Kuan Yew
  • Authoritarian leader of Singapore

40
Lee Kuan Yew on Social Discipline
  • I have enumerated in several of my talks what I
    consider to be the three basic essentials for
    successful transformation of any society. First,
    a determined leadership, an effective determined
    leadership two, an administration which is
    efficient and three, social disciplineIf you
    dont get social discipline, everybody does what
    he likes to do, or will not bustle about what he
    is told to do.
  • (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 316)

41
Lee on social order and democracy
  • We would be foolish to try and beguile
    ourselves with unsophisticated phrases of
    democracy and liberty and human rights and
    freedom, while we go down the drain.
  • (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 323)

42
Lee on development and democracy
  • A country must first have economic
    development, then democracy may follow. With a
    few exceptions, democracy has not brought good
    government to new developing countries. Democracy
    has not led to development because the
    governments did not establish stability and
    discipline necessary for development.
  • (cited in Barr, 2000, p. 324)

43
B. Evidence Economic Values
  • Do Eastern societies emphasize teamwork and
    corporate effort over individualism and profit?

44
1. Japanese Management less popular in Japan.
45
2. Personal Economic Values?
  • Dentsu survey (1997-1998) Japan, China, South
    Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Bombay (Asians),
    United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, and the
    United States (New York City).
  • Respondents asked to evaluate the relative
    importance of nine attributes
  • "financial wealth NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
  • "acquiring high-quality goods NO SIGNIFICANT
    DIFFERENCE
  • "family relationships Asians value more
  • "success in work NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
  • "mental relaxation NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
  • "leisure activity Westerners value more
  • "living for the present NO SIGNIFICANT
    DIFFERENCE
  • "striving to achieve personal goals NO
    SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
  • "having good relationships with others." NO
    SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

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C. Evidence Politics
  • 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
    US group
  • Asians more likely to list orderly society as
    very important goal for society
  • Americans more likely to list protecting personal
    freedom

48
Value Salience May Differ (1994 Data)
49
C. Evidence Politics
  • 1994 Survey of 100 Asians, comparison to larger
    US group
  • Asians more likely to list orderly society as
    very important goal for government
  • Americans more likely to list protecting personal
    freedom
  • But.

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51
D. Market Capitalism and Culture
52
5. Summary Support for Free Market Democracy
53
III. The Post-Materialist West?
  • Ingleharts argument People in Western
    democracies have expanded their goals beyond
    material satisfaction to matters of value
    (environmentalism, social justice)
  • Irony While Asian Values says West is MORE
    obsessed with profit, Post-Materialism says West
    is LESS obsessed with profit!

54
Inglehart
  • In a major part of the world, the disciplined,
    self-denying and achievement oriented norms of
    industrial society are giving way to the choices
    over lifestyle which characterize post-industrial
    economies.
  • This was written in the 70s has the rising tide
    of globalization changed this assertion by
    Inglehart?

55
1. The Post-Materialist Challenge
56
2. Measuring Post-Materialism a. Tradition vs.
Secularism and Survival vs. Self-Expression
57
b. Regional value differences
58
3. Is Culture an independent variable? a.
Nationality trumps religion
59
b. Simplest explanation for post-materialism
Income!
60
IV. Islam and the West A Clash of Civilizations?
  • The fundamental source of conflict in this new
    world will not be primarily ideological or
    primarily economic. The great divisions among
    humankind and the dominating source of conflict
    will be cultural. Nation states will remain the
    most powerful actors in world affairs, but the
    principal conflicts of global politics will occur
    between nations and groups of different
    civilizations. The clash of civilizations will
    dominate global politics. The fault lines
    between civilizations will be the battle lines of
    the future.

Samuel P. Huntington
61
A. Assumptions
  • Conflict will be over culture ? not power or
    resources!
  • Key actors civilizations, not states

62
3. The Map of Civilizations
63
a. Religion determines some civilizational borders
64
b. Identity determines the rest
  • West Latin America divide ethnicity?
  • Sinic civilization Originally called
    Confucian. What is the basis for this bloc?
  • African civilization Essentially what was left
    after drawing other civilizations

65
4. Alignments shape civilizational conflicts
66
5. Rejection of Universalism
  • No universal political desires
  • Modernization ? Westernization Contrary to
    Inglehart!

67
B. Implication Multiculturalism Conflict and
Weakness
1. Europe Does High foreign-born cause more
conflict?
68
2. Immigration by Region Compare to Zones of
Conflict
69
3. Areas of inter-civilizational migration Which
civilizations are weakened?
70
C. Implication Democracy Fails Without Western
Values
  • Democracy is Western value system Separation of
    church and state, rule of law, social pluralism,
    representative bodies, individualism

71
2. Norris Is Democracy Western?
  • a. World Values Survey Questions about
    democracy, human rights, politics, religion, etc.
  • Key Dimensions
  • Democratic Performance
  • Democracies are indecisive and have too much
    squabbling
  • Democracies arent good at maintaining order
  • Democratic Ideals
  • Democracy may have its problems but it is
    better than any other form of government
  • I approve of having a democratic political
    system

72
b. West vs. Islam i. Democratic
Performance/Ideals No Difference!
73
ii. Other surveys reveal
  • Important differences do exist within Islamic
    civilization

74
D. Is Islam Prone to Violence?
  • Table reveals
  • West more internal peace
  • Sinic less internal peace
  • Buddhist less internal peace
  • Others, including Islam, unrelated to rate of
    intra-civilization disputes

75
Which civilizations fight the most?
Islamic civilization has plenty of
conflicts. but other civilizations have more
civilizational conflicts!
76
F. Possible Explanation Real vs. Imagined
Demographics of Islam
  • What percentage of Arabs are Muslim?
  • About 90
  • What percentage of Muslims are Arab?
  • About 20
  • The largest Muslim country is
  • Indonesia
  • Where do Muslims live?
  • Only 33 live in the Middle East
  • 25 in South Asia, 20 in Africa

77
G. Do people in different civilizations have
important value differences?
78
1. West vs. Islam Gender/Sexuality Division,
Not Government!
79
2. Gender West vs. the Rest
80
3. Norris Three dimensions of values
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