PAVING ASPHALTS Origins, properties, manufacture and use

1
PAVING ASPHALTSOrigins, properties, manufacture
and use

• Dr. Ludo Zanzotto
• Bituminous Materials Chair
• Faculty of Engineering
• University of Calgary
• May 2001

2
Historical Background

• One of the oldest engineering materials
• asphaltos - sticky, firm - Greek
• jatu-krit - pitch creating - Latin pixtumen
• Use
• Sumerians (3000 B.C.) - building purposes
• Egyptians (2500 B.C.) - mumyia - mummy
• Biblical times (2500 - 1500 B.C.)
• Noahs ark - waterproofing
• Tower of Babel - mortar
• Paving

3
Sources and Manufacture of Asphalt

• Sources
• natural asphalt
• crude oil
• Asphalt manufacture
• distillation -
  oxidation
• extraction -
  modification
• cracking processes
• Paving asphalt represents 3 4 of the total
  annual crude oil throughput in USA and Canada

4
Yield of Asphalt from Different Crude Oils
BOSCAN VENEZUELA 10.1 .999 6.4
ARABIAN HEAVY 28.2 .886 2.8
NIGERIA LIGHT 38.1 .834 0.2
API Degrees SP.Gravity Sulfur
Vol.
Gasoline Kerosene Lt. Gas Oil Hv. Gas
Oils Bitumen Residuum
3
21
33
6
7
26
14
20
10
58
28
16
30
27
1
5
Useage of Asphalt

• Canadian market (1999).... 3.75 millions of
  t/year
• USA market (1999)............38.00 millions of
  t/year
• World market................ 130.00 millions of
  t/year
• 80 90 of asphalts are used in pavements
• 10 20 of asphalts are used in roofing,
  waterproofing and for other purposes
• World 2.0 2.5 billions t/year of asphalt
  paving mixes

6
Potential Asphalt Production from Heavy Oils in
Western Canada

• Recoverable heavy oil in Western Canada 3.5
  7.0 billions of tons
• Potential production of asphalt 1600 2800
  millions of tons
• Price of asphalt in USA (spring 2001) US 100
  150/t
• Price of asphalt in Canada (spring 2001) US
  150 180/t
• Value of Western Canadian Asphalt US 160
  420 billion

7
Total Existing Length of Roads and Streets in USA
Total Mileage6,243,000 kilometers (3,880,000
miles) Paved Mileage 3,466,000 kilometers
(2,154,000 miles)
94 asphalt surfaced
Total Existing Mileage of Roads and Streets in
U.S.A.
Portland Cement Concrete 200,000 kms (124,000
miles)
Earth 603,000 kms (375,000 miles)
Gravel or similar 2,174,000 kms (1,351,000 miles)
Asphalt 3,267,000 kms (2,030,000 miles)
Source Federal High Administration
8
(No Transcript)
9
Crude Oil Throughput in US and Canadian Refineries
10
Paving Asphalt Production Capacity of US and
Canadian Refineries
11
Composition and Structure of Asphalt

• Physical and chemical character of asphalt is
  determined by
• composition of crude oil
• method of crude oil and asphalt processing
• Asphalt complex, multicomponent, colloidal
  system
• Asphalt is composed of a multitude species which
  differ by
• molecular mass, chemical structure, polarity
• Molecular mass between 400 - 3000 D
• Carbon skeleton 25 - 150 atoms

12
Composition and Structure of Asphalt (Contd)

• Composition varies considerably among asphalts
  manufactured from different crude oils
• The largest portion of paving asphalts are
  produced as vacuum residues with the cut point
  between 425C and 565C
• Relatively small difference in elemental analysis
• C 80.0 85.0
• H 7.8 8.3
• S 1.0 7.0
• O 2.7 5.0

13
Composition and Structure of Asphalt (Contd)

• Group composition
• saturates
• naphthene aromatics
• polar aromatics
• asphaltenes

14
Composition and Structure of Asphalt (Contd)
Hypothetical structure of asphaltene
15
Composition and Structure of Asphalt (Contd)

• Unit sheet mass 1 000 - 4 000 D
• Cluster or particle mass 4 000 - 10 000 D
• Micelle mass 40 000 - 40 000 000
  D

16
Properties of Asphalt

• Critical conditions during construction and
  service
• Construction
• mixing
• spreading ? appropriate
  viscosity
• compacting
• Service
• plastic deformation (rutting)
• thermal cracking
• fatigue cracking
• water sensibility

17
Properties of Asphalt (Contd)
18
Specifications of Paving Asphalts

• The role of specifications
• specify properties that directly reflect asphalt
  behaviour
• express these properties in physical units
• provide limits for those properties to exclude
  poor performing products
• provide information from which the service
  performance can be predicted
• Important properties of asphalt
• mechanical
• adhesive
• durability

19
Specifications of Paving Asphalts (Contd)

• Conventional tests used for asphalt
  characterization
• penetration, ductility, softening point RB,
  flash point, spot test, Fraass breaking point..
• Ageing characteristics
• Thin Film Oven Test, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test,
  Pressure Aging Vessel
• Rheological tests
• Bending Beam Rheometer, Direct tension Test,
  Dynamic Shear Rheometer

20
Specifications of Paving Asphalts (Contd)

• Beginning of specifications - around 1900
• Classification of asphalts for commercial
  purposes in the first half of the century -
  exclusively conventional tests
• First grading test - penetration at 25C
• 1960s in USA grading test - viscosity at 60C
• Canada hybrid - penetration/viscosity
• 1990s in USA Superpave specification
  (performance related)

21
Classical Penetration- Based Specification
REQUIREMENTS FOR ASPHALT CEMENT FOR USE IN
PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION ASTM D946
Penetration Grade
40-50
60-70
85-100
120-150
200-300
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Penetrati
on _at_ 77F(25C) 100g, 5s 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 15
0 200 300 Flash Point, F (Cleveland open
cup) 450 --- 450 --- 450 --- 425 --- 350 --- Ducti
lity at 77F (25C) 5cm/min, cm 100 --- 100 --- 10
0 --- 100 --- 100A --- Solubility in
trichloroethylene, 99 --- 99 --- 99 --- 99 --- 9
9 --- Retained penetration after thin-film
55 --- 52 --- 47 --- 42 --- 37 ---oven
test, Ductility at 77F (25C) 5cm/min,
cm --- --- 50 --- 75 --- 100 --- 100A ---after
thin-film oven test
A If ductility at 77F (25C) is less than 100
cm, material will be accepted if ductility at
60F (15.5C) is 100 cm minimum at the pull rate
of 5 cm/min
22
Viscosity-Based Specification
REQUIREMENTS FOR ASPHALT CEMENT, VISCOSITY GRADED
AT 140F (60C) ASTM D3381
Note Grading based on original asphalt
VISCOSITY GRADE
AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-40 Viscosity, 140F
(60C), P 250 50 50 100 1000 200 2000
400 4000 800 Viscosity, 275F (135C), min,
cSt 80 110 150 210 300 Penetration, 77F (25C),
100g, 5s, min 200 120 70 40 20 Flash point,
Cleveland open cup, min, F (C) 325 (163) 350
(177) 425 (219) 450 (232) 450 (232) Solubility in
trichloroethylene, min, 99 99 99 99 99 Tests on
residue from thin-film oven test Viscosity,
140F (60C), max, P 1250 2500 5000 10,000 20,000
Ductility, 77F (25C), 5 cm/min, min,
cm 100A 100 50 20 10
A If ductility is less than 100, material will be
accepted if ductility at 60F (15.5C) is 100
minimum at a pull rate of 5 cm/min
23
Canadian Federal Specification
Penetration at 25C dmm
24
Canadian Federal Specification (Contd)
25
Canadian Federal Specification (Contd)
GRADES OF ASPHALT CEMENT
Test MethodASTM D 5 D 2171 D 2170
Grades Requirements Penetration at 25C100g and
5s, 0.1mm Viscosity at 60C, Pa.s
orViscosity at 135C, mm2/s Group
A Group B Group C Flash
Point (Cleveland Open Cup), C Thin-film oven
test, loss in mass Penetration of residue at
25C, 100g, 5s, 0.1mm, of original
penetration Solubility in trichloro-ethylene,
by mass
60-70 Min Max 60 70
80-100 Min Max 80 100
120-150 Min Max 120 150
150-200 Min Max 150 200
200-300 Min Max 200 300
300-400 Min Max 300 400
User must specify either Figure 1 or Figure 2 for
all asphalt grades. Both figures shall not be
used simultaneously
User must specify either Figure 1 or Figure 2 for
all asphalt grades. Both figures shall not be
used simultaneously
230 --- --- 0.8 52 --- 99
---
230 --- --- 0.85 47 --- 99
---
220 --- --- 1.3 42 --- 99
---
220 --- --- 1.3 40 --- 99
---
175 --- --- 1.5 37 --- 99
---
175 --- --- 1.5 35 --- 99
---
D 92 D 1754 D 2042
All requirements, except for viscosity at 60C
or at 135C, are the same for Group A, B and C.
Minimum viscosity is defined by the bottom line
of each group as shown in Figure 1 or 2.
26
Superpave Specification

• Strategic Highway Research Program
• established by US Congress in 1987 as a
  five-year, 150 million research program to
  improve the performance and durability of roads
  in USA
• Outcome
• asphalt binder performance related specification
• uses modern physical tests
• weather related
• traffic related

27
Superpave Specification (Contd)

• Unlike older go - no go specifications Superpave
  specification determines different levels of
  asphalt quality
• The minimum quality needed for the particular
  road is also determined
• Presently already used in all states in USA
  (modification in California)
• Introduced in Ontario and Quebec
• Sooner or later will be used across Canada

28
Superpave Specification (Contd)

• Further developments
• Asphalt binder Expert Task Group (ETG) under the
  auspices of Transportation Research Board (US
  Academy of Sciences) and Federal Highway
  Administration
• development of parameters and testing methods
  better related to service performance
• ultimately development of damage weighted
  performance models

29
Superpave Specification (Contd)

• Superpave specification attempts to measure
  properties that are directly related to pavement
  field performance

PERFORMANCE PROPERTY
TEST EQUIPMENT
Handling Pump
Flow
Rotational Viscometer
Rutting
Permanent Deformation
Dynamic Shear Rheometer
Fatigue Cracking
Structural Cracking
Thermal Cracking
Bending Beam Rheometer Direct Tension Tester
Low Temp Cracking
30
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis by Dynamic Shear
Rheometer
31
Stiffness and m-value by Bending Beam Rheometer
32
Tensile Strength and T Critical by Direct Tension
Tester
33
Superpave Asphalt Binder Grades
High Temperature Grades(Degrees
C) PG46 PG52 PG58 PG64 PG70 PG76 PG82
Low Temperature Grades(Degrees C) -34, -40,
-46 -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40, -46 -16, -22,
-28, -34, -40 -10, -16, -22, -28, -34, -40 -10,
-16, -22, -28, -34, -40 -10, -16, -22, -28,
-34 -10, -16, -22, -28, -34
34
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification
Performance Grade PG46 PG52 PG58 -34
-40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -3
4 -40 Average 7-day Max Pavement Design
Temperature, C lt46 lt52 lt58 Minimum
Pavement Design Temperature, C gt-34 gt-40 gt-46 gt-1
0 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-34 gt-40 gt-46 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-3
4 gt-40 ORIGINAL BINDER Flash Point Temp, T48
Min C 230 Viscosity, ASTM D 4402 Max,
3 Pa.s (3000 cP) Test Temp, C 135 Dynami
c Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 1.00 kPa Test
temp_at_10 rad/s, C 46 52 58
ROLLING
THIN FILM OVEN (T240) OR THIN FILM OVEN (T179)
RESIDUE Mass Loss, Maximum, 1.00 Dynamic
Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 2.20 kPa Test
temp_at_10 rad/s, C 46 52 58
PRESSURE AGING
VESSEL RESIDUE (PP1) PAV Aging Temp,
C 90 90 100 Dynamic Shear, TP5
G/sin ?, Min, 5000 kPa Test temp_at_10 rad/s,
C 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 Physi
cal Hardening
REPORT Creep
Stiffness, TP1 S, Max, 300 MPa m-value,
Min, 0.300 Test Temp, _at_ 60s,
C -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18
-24 -30 Direct Tension, TP3 Failure Strain,
Min, 1.0 Test Temp_at_ 1.0mm/min, C
-24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -2
4 -30
Performance Grade PG46 PG52 PG58 -34
-40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -3
4 -40 Average 7-day Max Pavement Design
Temperature, C lt46 lt52 lt58 Minimum
Pavement Design Temperature, C gt-34 gt-40 gt-46 gt-1
0 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-34 gt-40 gt-46 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-3
4 gt-40 Flash Point Temp, T48 Min
C 230 Viscosity, ASTM D 4402 Max, 3
Pa.s (3000 cP) Test Temp, C 135 Dynamic
Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 1.00 kPa Test
temp_at_10 rad/s, C 46 52 58 Mass Loss,
Maximum, 1.00 Dynamic Shear, TP5
G/sin ?, Min, 2.20 kPa Test temp_at_10 rad/s,
C 46 52 58 PAV Aging Temp,
C 90 90 100 Dynamic Shear, TP5
G/sin ?, Min, 5000 kPa Test temp_at_10 rad/s,
C 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 Physi
cal Hardening
REPORT Creep
Stiffness, TP1 S, Max, 300 MPa m-value,
Min, 0.300 Test Temp, _at_ 60s,
C -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18
-24 -30 Direct Tension, TP3 Failure Strain,
Min, 1.0 Test Temp_at_ 1.0mm/min, C
-24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -2
4 -30
PG64-10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 lt61gt-10 gt-1
6 gt-22 gt-28 gt-34 gt-40 64 64
100 31 28 25 22 19 16 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30
0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30
35
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification
(Contd)
Performance Grade PG70 PG76 PG82 -10
-16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
-10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Average 7-day Max
Pavement Design Temperature, C lt70 lt76
lt82 Minimum Pavement Design Temperature, C
gt-10 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-34 gt-40 gt-10 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28
gt-34 gt-10 gt-16 gt-22 gt-28 gt-34 ORIGINAL
BINDER Flash Point Temp, T48 Min
C 230 Viscosity, ASTM D 4402 Max, 3
Pa.s (3000 cP) Test Temp, C 135 Dynami
c Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 1.00 kPa Test
temp_at_10 rad/s, C 70 76 82 ROLLING
THIN FILM OVEN (T240) OR THIN FILM OVEN (T179)
RESIDUE Mass Loss, Maximum, 1.00 Dynami
c Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 2.20 kPa
Test temp_at_10 rad/s, C 70 76 82 PRESS
URE AGING VESSEL RESIDUE (PP1) PAV Aging Temp,
C 100(110) 100(110) 100(110) Dynamic
Shear, TP5 G/sin ?, Min, 5000 kPa Test
temp_at_10 rad/s, C 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 22
40 37 34 31 28 Physical Hardening

REPORT Creep Stiffness, TP1 S,
Max, 300 MPa m-value, Min, 0.300 Test
Temp, _at_ 60s, C 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30
0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Direct
Tension, TP3 Failure Strain, Min, 1.0
Test Temp_at_ 1.0mm/min, C 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30
0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24
36
Superpave PG Grades of Asphalts From Selected
Crude Oils
Asphalt CGSB Pen ?T Official Grade 25C High Lo
w PG Grade Cold Lake 80/100A 80 64.6 -27.5 92.1 6
4-22 100 62.4 -29.1 91.5 58-28 Bow
Valley 80/100A 80 63.1 -24.8 87.9 58-22 100 60.9
-26.7 87.6 58-22 Redwater 80/100B 80 59.7 -25.5 8
5.2 58-22 100 57.8 -26.2 84.0 52-22 Foster
Creek 80 63.7 -26.6 90.3 58-22 100 61.5 -28.2 8
9.7 58-28 Cold Lake 120/150A 120 60.5 -30.5 91.0 5
8-28 150 58.1 -32.2 90.3 58-28 Bow
Valley 120/150A 120 59.0 -28.3 87.3 58-28 150 57
.7 -30.2 87.9 52-28 Redwater 120/150B 120 56.1 -27
.0 83.1 52-22 150 54.0 -28.2 82.2 52-28 Foster
Creek 120 59.7 -29.5 89.2 58-28 150 57.3 -31.2
88.5 52-28 Cold Lake 150/200A 150 58.1 -32.2 90.3
58-28 200 54.8 -34.1 88.9 52-34 Bow
Valley 150/200A 150 57.7 -30.2 87.9 52-28 200 53
.5 -32.5 86.0 52-28 Redwater 150/200B 150 54.0 -28
.2 82.2 52-28 200 51.2 -29.7 80.9 -- Foster
Creek 150 57.3 -31.2 88.5 52-28 200 54.2 -33.4
87.6 52-28
Service Temperature C
37
Superpave PG Grades of Asphalts From Selected
Crude Oils (Contd)
Service Temperature C
Asphalt CGSB Pen ?T Official Grade 25C High Lo
w PG Grade Cold Lake 200/300A 200 54.8 -34.1 88.9
52-34 300 49.8 -36.1 85.9 46-34 Bow
Valley 200/300B 200 53.5 -32.5 86.0 52-28 300 48
.6 -35.0 83.6 46-34 Redwater 200/300C 200 51.2 -29
.7 80.9 -- 300 47.0 -31.7 78.7 -- Foster
Creek 200 54.2 -33.4 87.6 52-28 300 49.4 -36.5
85.9 52-34 Cold Lake 300/400A 300 49.8 -36.1 85.9
46-34 400 46.0 -37.2 83.2 46-34 Bow
Valley 200/300B 300 48.6 -35.0 83.6 46-34 400 44
.9 -36.4 81.3 -- Redwater 300/400C 300 47.0 -31.7
78.7 -- 400 43.7 -32.9 76.6 -- Foster
Creek 300 49.4 -36.5 85.9 52-34 400 45.8 -38.8
84.6 46-34
38
Conclusions

• Paving asphalt - important international
  commodity
• Alberta - vast reserves of high quality paving
  asphalt
• New US asphalt specification recognizes the
  difference in product quality
• Strong demand for higher quality material
• Opportunity to export asphalt as a final material
  or as heavy crude oil with enhanced value of its
  distillation residue