Years of Crisis

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Years of Crisis

• Chapter 15
• 1919-1939

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I. Post-War Uncertainty

• After Word War I
• Many people were uncertain of the future
• Also a time of great invention, creativity and
  new ideas that transformed society

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Changes in Science and Literature

• Science
• Albert Einstein offered radically different
  views in the field of physics
• Sigmund Freud new ideas about the mind
• Literature
• Suffering caused by WWI leads many people to
  doubt old beliefs
• Uneasiness of postwar years
• No universal meaning of life

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Revolution in the Arts

• Traditional Art Changes
• Introduction to cubism and surrealism
• Cubism natural shapes into geometric forms
• Surrealism links dreams with real life
• Music
• Introduction to Jazz

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Pablo Picasso Cubism
Guernica
Three Musicians
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Salvador Dali Surrealism
Geopoliticus Child
The Persistence of Memory
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The Role of Women

• Womens Rights Movement
• Women win the right to vote
• US, UK, Germany, and others
• Adopt freer clothing and hair styles
• Bobbed hair
• Began to smoke in public
• More career opportunities as well
• Medicine, education, and journalism

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Technology Improves Life

• The Automobile
• Cars improve and become cheaper
• Development of suburbs and travel for pleasure
• Airplanes
• Long-distance air travel available to the rich
• Amelia Earhart first women to fly solo across
  the Atlantic Ocean (1932)
• Radio and Movies
• Broadcast news, entertainment, etc.
• Created a sense of community and collective art

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Amelia Earhart
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II. World Wide Depression

• Post-war Germany
• New government was the Weimar Republic
• It was a coalition government
• Temporary, multi-party alliance
• Had serious weaknesses
• Inflation due to reparations
• Signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact with France
• Pledging no more war

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The Stock Market Crash

• Post-war United States
• Economy booms in the 1920s
• Wealth is distributed unevenly
• Factories cut back on production and workers
• Farmers produce too much food and cannot pay
  mortgages
• Stocks bought on credit (now illegal)
• Investors sell stock lowers the price
• October 29, 1929 Market collapses as prices
  fall very low

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Post-War England France

• Great Britain
• Coalition governments
• Avoid political extremes
• Slow and steady economic recovery
• France
• Establishes a self-sufficient economy
• Preserves democracy despite problems

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III. Fascism Rises in Europe

• What is Fascism?
• Describes any authoritarian government that is
  not communist
• Basic Fundamentals of Fascism
• Rooted in extreme nationalism
• Glorified action, violence, and discipline
• Blind loyalty to the state
• Glorified warfare as a necessary and noble
  struggle for survival

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What is Fascism? (Cont)

• Fascism can be described as totalitarian rule
• Single party dictatorship
• State control of the economy
• Use of police, spies terror to enforce the will
  of the state
• Strict censorship government monopoly of the
  media
• Use of schools the media to indoctrinate
  mobilize citizens
• Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

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Why did it appeal to Italians?

• Promised a strong stable government
• End to political feuding
• Sense of power and confidence at a time of
  disorder and despair

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Fascism vs. Communism

• Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and
  communists
• Communists had hopes for international change
• Fascists pursued nationalist goals

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Fascism in Italy

• Italys democratic government seemed helpless
  after WWI
• Plagued by many problems
• Politician Benito Mussolini promised to rescue
  Italy
• Promised strong leadership
• King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge
  in 1922

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BenitoMussolini
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Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini as Il Duce
• Abolished democracy and political parties
• Took control of the economy
• Workers were forbidden to strike
• Government became a corporate state
• Fascist Party controlled industry, agriculture
  transportation

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Fascism in Germany

• German government had many problems
• Very weak coalitions
• Many small parties
• Blamed republic for Versailles Treaty
• Inflation was out of control
• Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of
  the National Socialist German Workers' Party
• The Nazi Party

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Ideas of the Nazi Party

• Stressed the failures of
• Communism
• Democracy
• Stressed the "racial purity of the German people
• Used the Jews as scapegoats

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The Nazi Party

• Adolf Hitler was an excellent organizer and
  speaker
• Allowing him to gain power in the Nazi Party
• Allowing him to gain popularity with the German
  people

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Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany
Federal election results
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Nazi Political Propaganda
"We demand freedom and bread"
The people are voting for list 1, the Nazis, at
the Reichstag election.
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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler and the Nazis planned to overthrow the
  government in 1923
• Arrested and put in jail for less than one year
• In jail, he wrote Mein Kampf
• It became a handbook for Nazism
• Discussed racial purity
• Declared the need for more German living space
• Lebensraum

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Hitler Becomes Chancellor

• Conservative members of the Nazi Party urged
  President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler
  chancellor in 1933
• Thought they would
• be able to control him

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Hitler Becomes Chancellor

• Once in power, Hitler quickly established a
  totalitarian regime
• Used the Gestapo secret police
• Use the SS elite protection squad
• Used propaganda

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Nazi Propaganda
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Hitler Achieves Totalitarianism

• Hitler gains control by
• Targeting young people
• Hitler Youth programs
• Numerous speeches
• Limits the roles of women
• Launched large scale public works programs
• Helps the economy
• Began to rearm the German military
• Controlled all mass media and educational
  institutions

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Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews

• Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germanys
  problems
• Led to a huge wave of anti-Semitism
• Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning
  in 1933

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Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews

• Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass
• November 9th, 1933
• Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish stores, synagogues,
  and communities

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IV. Aggressors Invade Nations

• Japanese Aggression
• Japan seeks to solve its economic problems thru
  foreign expansion
• Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931
• League of Nations protests
• Japan withdraws from the League
• Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

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Aggressors Invade Nations

• Italian Aggression
• Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935
• Ethiopian Leader Haile Salassie appeals to the
  League of Nations
• League of Nations does not stop aggression

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Aggressors Invade Nations

• Civil War in Spain
• General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion in
  1936
• Receives aid from Hitler and Mussolini
• Wins the war in 1939 becomes Fascist leader

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Aggressors Invade Nations

• German Aggression
• Hitler plans to expand the Third Reich German
  Empire
• Hitler begins a series of steps that would lead
  to war
• Built German military against the Versailles
  Treaty
• People of Germany hated the Treaty
• The West gave into his demands appeasement
  giving in to demands to keep peace

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Why Appeasement?

• Many nations did not want another World War
• Many thought Communism was the bigger threat
• Great Depression sapped energy of western
  democracies
• US neutrality acts

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Steps Towards War

• 1936-German troops in the Rhineland
• 1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)
• Agreed to
• Fight communism
• Not interfere with each others expansion
• 1938-Invasion of Austria
• 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of
  Czechoslovakia
• Munich Pact Hitler promises no further expansion

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Steps Towards War

• 1939Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
• 1939-Hitler demands port city of Danzig from
  Poland
• 1939-The Nazi Soviet Pact
• Hitler Stalin agree
• Not to fight each other
• Split up Poland

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The Beginning of World War II

• 1939- Germans invade Poland (9/1)
• Britain France declare war on Germany
• Promised to protect Poland
• World War II Begins

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THE END