Parenthetical Citation

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Parenthetical Citation
At the end of sections, in which you borrow
someone elses ideas, words, etc., include a
reference to that persons work in parentheses.
MLA Ex/ In short, some of the productivity
revival was inherently transitory while much of
it relied on a 40 percent growth rate of computer
investment that could not be and has not been
sustained (Gordon 32). APA Ex/ In short, some
of the productivity revival was inherently
transitory while much of it relied on a 40
percent growth rate of computer investment that
could not be and has not been sustained (Gordon
2001, p. 32).
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Things to Note

• MLA parenthetical citations typically include the
  authors last name and the page number(s) without
  any punctuation.
• APA parenthetical citations include the authors
  last name and the date of publication, a comma,
  and the page numbers following a p. (Gordon
  2001, p. 32)
• In MLA citation, if you have more than one
  author, list the last name of the first author
  and the Latin phrase et al (meaning and
  others) (Gordon et al 5).
• In APA citation, if you have more than one
  author, list the last names of everyone involved,
  connected by an ampersand (Gordon, Jeffreys,
  Wieden 2001, p. 23).

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Additional Things to Note
5. In MLA style, if you have more than one book
cited by an author, list the last name, an
abbreviated title of the work and the page
number (Bedbury A New Brand World 5). 6.
In MLA style, if you dont know the authors last
name, list the title of the work and the
page number (A New Brand World 5). 7.
Put the period on the outside of the
parentheses. 8. Include citations for quotes,
borrowed ideas and facts anything not
explicitly yours.
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Additional Things to Note

• In MLA style, if you are referencing several
  pages in a text, include the range in your
  citation Michael Gordon gives several reasons
  why the 1995-2000 productivity growth is not
  sustainable today (34-7).
• In APA style, if you are referencing several
  pages in a text, include the range in your
  citation after a pp. M. Gordon (2001) gives
  several reasons why the 1995-2000 productivity
  growth is not sustainable today (pp. 34-7).
• In MLA style, if you mention the authors name in
  the sentence or the paragraph that includes your
  reference, there is no need to include it in the
  citationsee above.
• In APA style, if you mention the authors name in
  the text, abbreviate the first name to an
  initial, and follow it with a date of
  publicationsee above.

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Additional Things to Note

• If, in the space of one paragraph or several
  sentences, you refer to the same page several
  times, only include one reference at the end. Do
  not clutter your work with unnecessary
  parenthetical references at the end of every
  sentence.

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What is a Works-Cited Page?
Any text that includes parenthetical citations
must also include a works-cited page. Here, you
give full information about the sources consulted
so that your reader can easily find them if she
so chooses. NOTE This is not a bibliography. A
bibliography points to works that may or may not
be cited in a given composition but might be
interesting to an audience that wants to learn
more about a given subject. A works-cited
section only lists the materials consulted, and
it lists all materials directly cited in the
preceding text.
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How to Build a Works-Cited Page, MLA
At the top of your works-cited page, include the
words Works Cited Format each citation by MLA
guidelines Ex/ Bedbury, Scott. A New Brand
World 8 Principles for
Achieving Brand Leadership. New York
Viking, 2002. Davis, Peter. Travels with
Izzi. The Nation 18/25 August
2003, 5-7.
Book
Magazine article
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How to Build a Works-Cited Page, APA
At the top of your works-cited page, include the
words Works Cited Format each citation by APA
guidelines Ex/ Bedbury, S. (2001) A new brand
world 8 principles for achieving brand
leadership. New York Viking Davis, P. (2003,
August). Travels with Izzi. The Nation, 5-7.
Book
Magazine article
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Citation Guidelines
You can find format guidelines for different
sources in any MLA or APA stylebook or online
at http//occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pub
books/hairston_awl/chapter4/deluxe.html In MLA
and APA styles, arrange your citations
alphabetically.
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Example of a Works-Cited Page, MLA
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Example of a Works-Cited Page, APA
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Citation is a Rhetorical Process
Citation is a manner of communication and in many
respects persuasion, so its uses should be
determined by the effect an author wants to have
on an audience in a given situation. When asking
questions about when and what to cite, you must
ask questions about your audience, their context,
their knowledge, interests, desires, etc.
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The Rhetoric of Academic Citation
In your college classes, you will be citing for a
particular audience your instructors. This
requires you to think about their interests and
concerns. Interests (1) Want to see that youve
done adequate research. (2) Want to see that
youre following the rules of academic writing,
which they should be teaching you. Concerns
(1) Plagiarism. (2) Proper and adequate work on
a given project.
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The Rhetoric of Citation Among Journalists
Journalists and writing to an audience not
terribly concerned with plagiarism or with seeing
substantial research documented in an formal
system. Interests (1) Interested in learning
the material presented. (2) Interested, perhaps,
in locating a key book or report discussed (e.g.
in book-review columns). Concerns (1) Concerned
about the matter presented, not the background
research done. (2) Concerned about being able to
quickly get the information presented.
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General Advice about Quoting

• Quote sparingly. Direct quotes should only be
  used when you are unable to express an idea
  differently yourself. If possible, paraphrase
  (but still cite your source).
• Introduce your quotes. Your reader should be
  able to know, while reading any quote, who said
  it, when, where, in what context, etc.
• Interpret your quotes. Your reader will have
  trouble understanding why youve imported a given
  quote if you dont explain its relevance. Give
  some information about why this particular quote
  relates to what youre trying to do in your own
  argument.