Non-renewable Energy Resources

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Non-renewable Energy Resources

• Chapter 16

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Essential Question 1

• What types of energy resources exist, and to what
  extent do we use each type?

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The Ultimate Source of Energy

• Produces indirect forms of energy such as wind,
  hydropower biomass.

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Examples of Energy Resources

• Perpetual Resources
• Solar Energy / Wind / Flowing Water
• Renewable Resources
• Biodiversity (biomass)
• Nonrenewable Resources
• Fossil fuels (coal / oil / natural gas) nuclear

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Commercial Energy

• Energy sold in the marketplace that meets our
  demands for energy not supplied by the sun (1).

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Commercial Energy Sources

• 76 of commercial energy comes from non-renewable
  fossil fuels, 6 from nuclear the rest from
  renewable sources.

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Essential Question 2

• What is net energy, how do we calculate it, and
  what energy systems have the highest net energy
  ratios?

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First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy is not created or destroyed
• Energy only changes form
• Cant get something for nothing
• Energy input Energy output

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Energy Quality
Relative Energy Quality (usefulness)
Source of Energy
Energy Tasks
Electricity Very high temperature heat (greater
than 2,500C) Nuclear fission (uranium) Nuclear
fusion (deuterium) Concentrated
sunlight High-velocity wind
Very high-temperature heat (greater than
2,500C) for industrial processes and producing
electricity to run electrical devices (lights,
motors)
Very high
High-temperature heat (1,0002,500C) Hydrogen
gas Natural gas Gasoline Coal Food
Mechanical motion (to move vehicles and other
things) High-temperature heat (1,0002,500C)
for industrial processes and producing electricity
High
Normal sunlight Moderate-velocity
wind High-velocity water flow Concentrated
geothermal energy Moderate-temperature
heat (1001,000C) Wood and crop wastes
Moderate-temperature heat (1001,000C) for
industrial processes, cooking, producing
steam, electricity, and hot water
Moderate
Dispersed geothermal energy Low-temperature
heat (100C or lower)
Low-temperature heat (100C or less) for space
heating
Low
Fig. 2-10, p. 31
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Second Law of Thermodynamics

• In every transformation, some energy quality is
  lost

• Cars
• only 20-25 gasoline produces useful energy
• Ordinary light bulb
• 5 energy is useful light, rest is low-quality
  heat
• Living systems
• quality energy lost with every conversion (Rule
  of 10)

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Net Energy

• The usable amount of high-quality energy
  available from an energy resource
• Total Energy Available
• - Energy Used (1st Law)
• - Energy Automatically Wasted (2nd Law)
• - Energy Unnecessarily Wasted
• to find, extract, process, transporting to
  consumers
• NET ENERGY

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Net Energy Example

• If, out of every 10 units of energy from oil
  removed from the ground, 8 units of energy are
  used or wasted to find, extract, process,
  transport that oil to users.
• The net energy would be 2 units of useful energy
  available for every 10 units extracted!

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Net Energy Ratios

• We express net energy as the ratio of useful
  energy produced to the energy used to produce it
• The higher the ratio, the higher the net energy
  gain.
• 10 / 8 1.25
• gt 1 net energy gain
• lt 1 net energy loss

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Space Heating
Passive solar
5.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.5
Active solar
1.9
Coal gasification
1.5
Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (natural-gas-fired
plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (nuclear plant)
0.3
High-Temperature Industrial Heat
28.2
Surface-mined coal
Underground-mined coal
25.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.7
Coal gasification
1.5
Direct solar (highly concentrated by mirrors,
heliostats, or other devices)
0.9
Transportation
Natural gas
4.9
Gasoline (refined crude oil)
4.1
Biofuel (ethyl alcohol)
1.9
1.4
Coal liquefaction
Oil shale
1.2
Fig. 16-4, p. 358
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Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Resources

• Chapter 17

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Essential Question 1

• How can we reduce energy waste in our societies,
  and what are some of the biggest energy wasters?

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Energy Efficiency/Productivity

• Energy Efficiency how much useful work is
  accomplished by a particular input of energy
  into a system
• 16 of energy used in the US performs useful work
  
• 84 is wasted
• 41 unavoidably wasted (2nd Law Thermodynamics)
• 43 unnecessarily wasted (inefficient use lost
  as heat)

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Energy Conservation

• Reducing or eliminating the unnecessary waste of
  energy
• Cheapest quickest way to get more energy is to
  STOP WASTING IT!
• Reduces pollution
• Reduces environmental degradation
• Slows global warming

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Solutions
Reducing Energy Waste
Prolongs fossil fuel supplies
Reduces oil imports
Very high net energy
Low cost
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation
Buys time to phase in renewable energy
Less need for military protection of Middle East
oil resources
Creates local jobs
Fig. 17-3, p. 386
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Low Energy Efficiency

• Incandescent Light Bulbs
• 5 efficiency
• Internal Combustion Engines
• 6 efficiency
• Nuclear Power Plants
• 8-14 efficiency
• Coal burning Power Plants
• 33 efficiency

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What can you do?

• Become a conscious consumer
• Buy more energy efficient appliances, cars,
  lighting, housing, home heating systems, water
  heaters, air conditioners, etc
• High initial cost offset by low life cycle cost
• Usually save money in the long run by having
  lower operating costs

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Net Energy Efficiency

• Determined by the efficiency of each step in the
  energy conversion for the entire system
• The cumulative net energy efficiency is obtained
  by multiplying the percentage energy before each
  step (in the circle) by the energy efficiency for
  that step
• 100 x 0.90 90 efficiency

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Net Energy Efficiency of Nuclear

• 100 x 0.95 95
• 95 x 0.57 54
• 54 x 0.31 17

• 17 x 0.85 14
• 14 x 1.00 14

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Essential Question 2

• How can we improve energy efficiency in industry
  and what are the advantages of doing so?

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Industrial Energy Use

• Industry accounts for about 42 of energy
  consumption

• Methods of Reducing
• Energy Waste
• Cogeneration / Combined Heat and Power Systems
• Gray-Water Recycling Systems
• Replace Electric Motors
• Switch to higher-efficiency Lighting

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Essential Question 3

• How can we improve energy efficiency in
  transportation and what are the advantages of
  doing so?

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CAFE Standards

• Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
• Regulations enacted by Congress in 1975 intended
  to improve the average fuel economy of cars and
  light trucks
• Response to 1973 Oil Embargo
• Fuel economy rose sharply between 1975-1985
• Since 1985, avg. fuel efficiency of new vehicles
  decreased to 21 mpg b/c of no increase in
  standards.

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Efficiency in Transportation

• Average fuel economy of new vehicles sold in the
  U.S. between 1975-2006.

Figure 17-5
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Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007

• Set a goal for the national fuel economy standard
  of 35 mpg by 2020.
• First legislative change to CAFE Standard since
  it was created
• Standards for fuel economy still remain higher in
  Europe, Japan, China Canada

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True Cost of Gasoline

• 12 per gallon
• WHY??? Hidden Costs
• Subsidies tax breaks for oil companies, car
  manufacturers and road builders
• Pollution control clean-up costs
• Military protection of oil supplies in Middle
  East
• Time wasted in traffic jams
• Higher health related costs from pollution

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Prompting Change

• Charge higher fees on those buying fuel
  inefficient cars, use revenue to provide
  rebates to those buying fuel efficient cars
• Shift taxes from fuel fees to toll fees on roads
• Improving mass transit systems make cities more
  bike friendly

Bus System of Curitiba, Brazil
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Hybrid Cars

• General features of a car powered by a
  hybrid-electric engine.
• Gas sipping cars account for less than 1 of
  all new car sales in the U.S.

Figure 17-7
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Plug-In Hybrid

• Smaller internal combustion engine a more
  powerful battery that can be plugged in to an
  outlet recharged
• Incorporating more wind power could meet
  increased demand for electricity

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Plug-In Hybrids
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Fuel-Cell Vehicles

• Fuel-efficient vehicles powered by a fuel cell
  that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed.
• Combines H2 gas and O2 gas to produce electricity
  and water vapor
• (2H2O2 ? 2H2O).
• Emits no air pollution or CO2 if the hydrogen is
  produced from renewable-energy sources.

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Body attachments Mechanical locks that secure
the body to the chassis
Air system management
Universal docking connection Connects the
chassis with the drive-by-wire system in the body
Fuel-cell stack Converts hydrogen fuel into
electricity
Rear crush zone Absorbs crash energy
Drive-by-wire system controls
Cabin heating unit
Side-mounted radiators Release heat generated by
the fuel cell, vehicle electronics, and wheel
motors
Hydrogen fuel tanks
Front crush zone Absorbs crash energy
Electric wheel motors Provide four-wheel drive
have built-in brakes
Fig. 17-8, p. 390
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Essential Question 4

• How can we improve energy efficiency in building
  and what are the advantages of doing so?

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LEED Certification

• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• Accredited by U.S. Green Building Council
• Established energy and environmental design
  standards

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Improving Insulation

• About one-third of the heated air in typical U.S.
  homes and buildings escapes through closed
  windows and holes and cracks.

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Saving Energy

• Insulate Plug leaks
• Energy Efficient Windows
• Heat water space more efficiently
• Energy efficient appliances
• Energy efficient lighting

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Living Roofs

• Roofs covered with plants have been used for
  decades in Europe and Iceland.
• These roofs are built from a blend of
  light-weight compost, mulch and sponge-like
  materials that hold water.
• Help with insulation energy savings

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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy?

• Low-priced fossil fuels and few government tax
  breaks or other financial incentives for saving
  energy promote energy waste.

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Essential Question 6

• How can we make a transition to a more
  sustainable energy future?

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A Sustainable Energy Strategy

• Shifts in the use of commercial energy resources
  in the U.S. since 1800, with projected changes to
  2100.

Figure 17-34
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A Sustainable Energy Strategy

• A more sustainable energy policy would improve
  energy efficiency, rely more on renewable energy,
  and reduce the harmful effects of using fossil
  fuels and nuclear energy.
• There will be a gradual shift from large,
  centralized macropower systems to smaller,
  decentralized micropower systems.

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Small solar-cell power plants
Bioenergy power plants
Wind farm
Rooftop solar cell arrays
Fuel cells
Solar-cell rooftop systems
Transmission and distribution system
Commercial
Small wind turbine
Residential
Industrial
Microturbines
Fig. 17-35, p. 414
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More Renewable Energy Increase renewable energy
to 20 by 2020 and 50 by 2050 Provide large
subsidies and tax credits for renewable
energy Use full-cost accounting and life-cycle
cost for comparing all energy alternatives Enco
urage government purchase of renewable energy
devices Greatly increase renewable energy RD
Improve Energy Efficiency Increase
fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles,
buildings, and appliances Mandate govern- ment
purchases of efficient vehicles and other
devices Provide large tax credits for buying
efficient cars, houses, and appliances Offer
large tax credits for invest- ments in energy
efficiency Reward utilities for reducing
demand for electricity Encourage indepen- dent
power producers Greatly increase
energy efficiency research and development
Reduce Pollution and Health Risk Cut coal use
50 by 2020 Phase out coal subsidies Levy taxes
on coal and oil use Phase out nuclear power or
put it on hold until 2020 Phase out nuclear
power subsidies
Fig. 17-36, p. 415
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Economics, Politics, Education, and Energy
Resources

• Governments can use a combination of subsidies,
  tax breaks, rebates, taxes and public education
  to promote or discourage use of various energy
  alternatives
• Can keep prices artificially low to encourage
  selected energy resources.
• Can keep prices artificially high to discourage
  other energy resources.
• Emphasize consumer education.

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What Can You Do?
Energy Use and Waste
Get an energy audit at your house or office.
Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers
per liter (35 miles per gallon) and join a
carpool.
Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling.
Superinsulate your house and plug all air leaks.
Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other
electronic equipment when they are not in use.
Wash laundry in warm or cold water.
Use passive solar heating.
For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans
or whole-house attic or window fans.
Turn thermostats down in winter, up in summer.
Buy the most energy-efficient homes, lights,
cars, and appliances available.
Turn down the thermostat on water heaters to
4349C (110120F) and insulate hot water
heaters and pipes.
Fig. 17-37, p. 416