???????????? (System Engineering)

1
???? ITSC2301 ????????????????? (Software
Engineering)

• ???????????? (System Engineering)
• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? (Software Estimation)

2
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????????????????????? ????
• ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ???

3
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ?????????????????????? ????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????
• ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ??
• ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????? ????????
  ??????????

4
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????

5
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ???????????????????? ??????????????????? 7 ???
  ??????
• ??????????????????? (Requirement Definition)
• ????????????? (System Design)
• ???????????????? (Sub-system Development)
• ?????????????? (System Integration)
• ?????????????? (System Installation)
• ?????????????????? (System Evolution)
• ??????????????? (System Decommission)

6
???????????? (System Engineering)
7
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ??????????????????? (Requirement Definition)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????
• ????????????? (System Design)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????

8
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ????????????? (System Design)

9
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ???????????????? (Sub-system Development)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? (System Integration)
• ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ??????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????

10
???????????? (System Engineering)

• ?????????????? (System Installation)
• ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????
• ?????????????????? (System Evolution)
• ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????? (System Decommission)
• ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????

11
???????????? (System Modeling)

• ???????? ???????-??????? (HatLey-Pirbhai
  Modeling)
• ?????????? (Input)
• ???????? (Processing)
• ????????? (Output)
• ??????????????????????? (User Interface
  Processing)
• ????????????? ?????????????? (Maintenance and
  self test Processing)

12
???????? ???????-??????? (HatLey-Pirbhai Modeling)
13
???????????????????????? UML

• UML ???????? (Diagram) ????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????
• UML ??? ???????????????????????????????
  OOP(Object oriented programming)

14
???????????????????????? UML

• Class Diagram
• Object Diagram
• Component Diagram
• Deployment Diagram
• Use Case Diagram
• Sequence Diagram
• Collaboration Diagram
• StateTransition Diagram
• Activity Diagram

Structural Diagrams
Behavioral Diagrams
15
Models
Activity Diagrams
16
???????????????????????? UML

• 5 ????????????? UML
• Use-case view ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? ????
  ??????????
• use-case diagram
• Logical view ???????????????????????????????????
  ????? ??????????? static structure ??? dynamic
  behavior
• class diagram, object diagram, state, sequence,
  collaboration, activity diagrams

17
???????????????????????? UML

• Component view ??????????????????? implement
  ????????????????? ??? dependency
  ??????????????????????????
• component diagram
• Concurrency view ?????????? process ???
  processors ?????????????? communication ???
  synchronization
• dynamic diagrams (state, sequence, collaboration
  activity)
• implementation diagrams(component ??? deployment)
• Deployment view ???????????????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????????
• deployment diagram

18
???????????????????????? UML

• Use case Diagram
• ???????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ?????????????????
  ?????????????????????? Use case diagram ????
  Diagram ???????????? Capture requirement
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ????????????????
• ?????????????? Use case ??????? Iteration
• ?????????????????????????? ??????/??????
  ????????????
• ?????????????? Use case, Actor, Use case Relation
  ??? System

19
Use Case Diagram
20
Class Diagram

• Class Diagram ?????????? Class ???????????????????
  ??? Class ???? Dependency, Generalization,
  Association ??????? Class Diagram
  ????????????????????????? Method ??? Attribute
  ???????

21
Class Diagram
22
Object Diagram

• Object Diagram ?????????? Object ??? Relation
  ??????? Object ???????? Object ?????? Instance
  ???????? class ??????????? ??????????????????????
  Class ???? Dependency, Generalization ????
  Association ???????????????????????? Class
  Diagram

23
Object Diagram
24
Sequence Diagram

• Sequence Diagram ?????????????????????????? ?????
  Object ??? ???????????????????????????
  ???????????? instant ??? Oject
• Sequence Diagram ???? Diagram ???????????????????(
  Interaction) ??????? Object ??????????????????????
  ????????? ? ???????????? message
  ?????????????????? class ???????????????????????
  method ?? class ????????????????

25
Sequence Diagram
26
Collaboration Diagram

• Collaboration Diagram ???????????????????? ?????
  ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????
  ????? ??????????????????????????? Object
  ????????????????????? Sequence Diagram

27
Collaboration Diagram
28
State Diagram

• State Diagram ?????????? State ????? ??? Object
  ????????????????? ???????????????? Object
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ????????????????? Object ???
  ??????????????????? ? ??????? Object ??????
  status ?????????

29
State Diagram
30
Activity Diagram

• Activities Diagram ????????? ??????????????????(Wo
  rk Flow) ????????????????????????????????
  Activity Diagram ?????????????????????????????????
  ??? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????? ????????????????????????????? ?

31
Activity Diagram
32
Component diagram

• Component Diagram ???? Diagram ???????????????????
  ?????????? Software ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ???? Binary, text ??? executeable
  ????? Component Diagram ??????????????????????????
  ???????????? Class Diagram, Object Diagram

33
Component diagram
34
Deployment diagram

• Deployment Diagram ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????? Hardware/Software
  ????????????????????????? hardware/software

35
Deployment diagram
36
?????????????????????????????

• ???????????????? (Project management)
• ????????????????????????? ????? ??????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????? ??????????? 4 ???? ??????
• ??????????????????? (Project Initiation)
• ????????????????? (Project Planning)
• ????????????????? (Project Execution)
• ?????????????? (Project Closing)

37
?????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????
• Gantt Chart
• PERT/CPM

38
Gantt Chart
39
PERT/CPM

• ??????????????????????? Node ???????????????????
  (Dependency) ????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????? PERT/CRM ??? ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????
  (Time Earliest TE) ?????????????????????????????
  ?? (Time Latest TL) ???????

40
PERT/CPM

• ???????????????????????????????? (Time Earliest
  TE)
• ????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????
  ??
• ??????????????????????????????? (Time Latest
  TL)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????
  ????? ???????????????????????????

41
PERT/CPM
42
????????????????????? (Software Estimation)

• ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ???????????????? (Size)
  ?????????? (Cost) ??????????????????????? (Effort)

43
Size Estimation

• ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ?????? ?????????????????????? 2 ???? ???
  ?????????????????? (Software Quantitative)
  ??????????????????? (Software Qualitative)

44
Size Estimation

• ?????????????????????????????????????? ?? 2
  ?????? ???
• Line of Code (LOC) Count
• Function Point (FP)

45
Line of Code (LOC) Count

• ???????????????????????????????? Source Code
  ???????????????????????? (Test Driver)
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? Generate
  ????????????
• ????????????????? ??? ????? Line of Code ltLOCgt
• ?????????????????????? (Declaration) ???????????
  Instruction
• ???????????????????????? ???? Comment

46
Function Point (FP)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• Allan Albrecht 1 John Gaffney, Jr 2 ?????????
  FPs ??????????????????????? FPs
  ???????????????? ??????????, ?????????,
  ?????????????????, ?????????? ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

47
Function Point (FP)

• ????????????????????????? ??????????????
• ??????? 1 ?? Requirement ????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ??????? 2 ?????????????????????????????
• ??????? 3 ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????? (Unadjusted Function Point
  UFP)
• ??????? 4 ????????????????????? (Value
  Adjustment Factor) ???????????????????
• ??????? 5 ???????????????????????????????????????
  ? (Adjusted Function Point AFP)
• ??????? 6 ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? LOC ???

48
Function Point (FP)

• ?????????????????????? ????????????? 5 ??????????
  ???
• External Input (EI)
• External Output (EO)
• External Inquiry (EQ)
• Internal Logical Files (ILF)
• External Interface Files (EIF)

49
Function Point (FP)
50
Function Point (FP)

• ?????????????????????? ?????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????? ????
• ???????????????????????????????? (Data Element
  DET)
• ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ?????????????? (Record Element RET)
• ?????????????? ???????????????? DET
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????
• ?????????? (File Type of Record FTR)

51
????? Function Point (FP)
FP UFP x VAF

• ???????????????? ???????? FP ????????????????????
  ??? (Unadjusted Function Point UFP)
  ??????????????????????????????? (Value Adjustment
  Factor VAF)

VAF 0.65 0.01 x Total DI
DI Degree of Influence
52
UAF

• ?????????????????????????????????????? 5
  ?????????? ????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????

53
UAF
54
UAF

• ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? Complexity weight ???????????

55
VAF

• ?????????? VAF ??????????????????? 14 ??????
  ??????
• ?????????????????????? (Data Communication)
• ?????????????????????????? (Distributed Data
  Processing)
• ?????????????????? (Performance)
• ?????????????????? (Configuration)
• ?????????????????? (Transaction)
• ?????????????????????????????????? (Online Data
  Entry)

56
VAF

• ????????????????????????????? (End user
  Efficiency)
• ??????????????????????????? (Online Update)
• ????????????????????????? (Complex Processing)
• ???????????????? (Reusability)
• ???????????????????? (Installation Ease)
• ?????????????????????? (Operational Ease)
• ???????????????????? (Multiple Sites)

57
VAF

• ???????????????????????????????????????? (Change
  Requirement)
• ????????????????? ??????????? 5 ???????? Degree
  of Influence (DI)
• 0 Not Present ???????????????????????????????
• Incidental Influence ?????????????????????????????
  ? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????
• Moderate Influence ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????
  ??????????? ????????????????????????????

58
VAF

• Average Influence ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????
  ??????????? ????????????????
• Significant Influence ???????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????
  ??????????? ???????????????????????
• Strong Influence ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????
  ??????????? ???????????????

59
??????????????????? FP ??????????????? LOC
60
????????????????????????????????

• ??? Use case Diagram ?????? ???????????????????
  use case ????????????????

61
????????
62
????????

• ?????????????????????? Value Adjustment Factors
  VAF

63
????????

• VAF 0.65 0.01 x 17
• 0.82
• FP UFP x VAF
• 23 x 0.82
• 18.86 FP
• ?????????????????????????????????? ???????? LOC
• 18.86 x 53 999.58 1000 LOC

64
???????????????????

• Productivity ??????????????????????

65
COCOMO

• Boehm B.W. ???????? COCOMO Model (Constructive
  Cost Model) ???????? Effort ??????????????????????
  ???????????? ??-????? (person-month)
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ???????? COCOMO ????????????????????? 2 ???
  COCOMO II ??????????????????? 3 ????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????

66
COCOMO II

•   Application Composition Model
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????? Object
  Point ??? ??????????????????????? Object Point
•   Early Design Model
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? FP
  ???????????????????
•   Post-Architecture Model
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????

67
COCOMO II

• ???????????????? COCOMO II
• PM ??? Effort ??????????? Person-Months (PM)
• A ?????????????????????????????????? 161 ???????
  ??? A 2.94
• E ??? Economics of Scale ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ??? E B 0.01
  ? Scale Factors
• B Scaling Base-exponent ??????????? Effort
• EM ??? Effort Multipliers ????????????????????????
  Cost Driver ??????????????????? ???????????
  Effort ???????????????????
• PMauto ?????? Effort ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? Reuse Code
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????? ???
  PMauto ?????? 0

PM A x SizeE x EM PMauto
68
COCOMO II

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????

C ??? Schedule Coefficient ????????????? ??? C
3.67 F ??? Scaling Exponent ?????????????? ??? F
D 0.2 (E-B) D Scaling Base-exponent
?????? ???????? ??? D 0.28 SCED ???
?????????????????????????????????????????????????