Geography

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Africa

• Geography

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(No Transcript)
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Desert
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Mountains
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BandiagaraMali, West Africa

• Tellem ruins

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Tsodilo Hills

• World Heritage Site, famous for its Bushman rock
  art estimated more than 5 000 individual
  paintings of between 800 and over 2 000 years
  old.

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Giza Pyramid
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Rivers Lakes
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Nile River

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vS6gSBrqKpyofeature
  related

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Niger River, Mali

• Most of the country is desert the Niger river is
  its lifeblood.
• After the rains have come, between June and
  September, the small tributaries of the river
  Niger join to form larger rivers.
• In the dry season, this evaporates into
  unconnected lakes and ponds, in which the catfish
  that were spawned in the river emerge.
• The other lakes are fished the year round, but
  Antogo has a particular significance.
• Legend has it that the lake was discovered in
  ancient times by a young girl from Bamba village.
  She told her sister in the neighboring village of
  Yanda about the profusion of fish, and her
  brother-in-law claimed the lake for Yanda.
• But her father staked a claim on it too, and
  tribal war broke out. Eventually her father and
  his fellow tribesmen won the battle, and even
  today only Bamba men can take part in the great
  fishing ceremony.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6lpsOFSKuLEfeature
  related

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Zambezi Riverhttp//www.youtube.com/watch?vmbSxZ
V73AvU
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Lake Malawihttp//www.youtube.com/watch?vxVVKQD
Ikkksfeaturerelated
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Desert
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Sahara Deserthttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v7QRYt
BeQo7Q
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Namib Deserthttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v8y6TV
CGr9rk
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Kalahari Deserthttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v5rO
B2pJ2olk
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• The word Kalahari comes from a Tswana word
  meaning the great thirst.
• The desert, itself, covers 70 of Botswana and
  extends south into South Africa, west into
  Namibia, and north into Angola and Zambia.  
• More a semiarid zone than a true desert, one of
  the essential features of this region is a
  geological formation known as a "pan," a round
  mostly hard, gray clay formation.
• Pans are hollow shallows which gleam in the
  sunlight from the salt in them these salt
  deposits are important to the animals in the
  area.
• During the rainy season in March and April, large
  migrating herds of animals come for the water
  that collects in the pans.
• During this rainy season, the Okavango delta, a
  significant wetland system north of the Kahalari,
  attracts an incredible number of birds including
  cranes, egrets, herons, and a variety of raptors.

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Mountains
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• Kilimanjaro 19340 ft    
• Highest point in Africa Location Northern
  Tanzania, near Kenya
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vIg8Cf6tvEQkfeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3OLdRcHPpPM

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Mount Kenya     17058 ft     Highest point in
Kenya . http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyxN1ChH-Y7
Mfeaturerelated
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• To the local Kikuyu tribe, Mt. Kenya is the home
  of their God, Ngai, and the location of their
  creation mythology.
• The Mt Kenya Forest is considered a sacred area
  where medicinal plants are grown and healing
  rituals conducted.

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Mount Stanley     16763 ft     Highest point in
Congo and Uganda
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Mount Cameroon   (Mont Cameroun)     13435 ft  
  Highest point in Cameroon . http//www.youtube.
com/watch?vQMHJmZd5X98
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Pico del Teide     12198 ft    . Location
Tenerife in the Canary Islands, NW of
Africahttp//www.youtube.com/watch?vGEJF54fKHRI
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Jebel Toubkal     13665 ft     Highest point in
MoroccoAtlas Mountains, south of Marrakech,
Morocco
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Jebel Siroua     10843 ft Between Atlas and
Anti-Atlas Mountains, south of Marrakech, Morocco
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Lake VictoriaIts original name was
Nalubalehttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v9jvrKUp7ym
I
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• the cave, the paintings and the surrounding area
  retain powers in the traditions of the Abasuba.
• The Wasamo clan, who live around the cave, are
  the rain makers of the Abasuba, and the elders
  agree that the paintings have been used for rain
  making ceremonies, with the red paintings
  representing the moon and the white ones
  representing the sun.

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Giza Pyramidhttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v4X7h5h
-oy6U
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Tsodilo Hills

• World Heritage Site, famous for its Bushman rock
  art estimated more than 5 000 individual
  paintings of between 800 and over 2 000 years
  old.

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(No Transcript)
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BandiagaraMali, West Africa

• Tellem ruins

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Bandiagara Escarpment (Cliffs of Bandiagara)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdg_irEmwHic
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Cliff of Bandiagara
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The Dogon of Bandiagara in Mali, West Africa.

• the Toloy culture of the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC,
  and the Tellem culture of the 11th to 15th
  centuries AD were early inhabitants
• Dogon religion is defined primarily through the
  worship of the ancestors and the spirits called
  Nommo
• There are three principal religious societies
  among the Dogon the Awa, Lebe and Binu

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• The Awa is associated with the spiritual realm
  whose purpose is to reorder the spiritual forces
  disturbed by the death of Nommo, a mythological
  ancestor of the Dogon.
• The awa dance with ornate carved and painted
  masks during both funeral and death anniversary
  ceremonies.
• There are 78 different types of ritual masks
  among the Dogon focus on religion and
  philosophy.

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• The society of Lebe, the Earth God, is primarily
  concerned with the agricultural cycle and its
  chief priest is called a Hogon.
• All Dogon villages have a Lebe shrine whose
  altars have bits of earth incorporated into them
  to encourage the continued fertility of the land.

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• The god Lebe visits the hogons every night in the
  form of a serpent and licks their skins in order
  to purify them and infuse them with life force.
• The hogons are responsible for guarding the
  purity of the soil and therefore officiate at
  many agricultural ceremonies.

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• The society of Binu is a totemic practice and it
  has complex associations with the Dogon's sacred
  places used for ancestor worship, spirit
  communication and agricultural sacrifices.
• major Dogon sacred sites are related to episodes
  in the Dogon myth of the creation of the world,
  in particular to a deity named Nommo.

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Binu Shrine

• Binu shrines house spirits of mythic ancestors
  who lived in the legendary era before the
  appearance of death among mankind.
• Binu spirits often make themselves known to
  their descendants in the form of an animal that
  interceded on behalf of the clan during its
  founding or migration, thus becoming the clan's
  totem.

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• The priests of each Binu maintain the shrine.
• Sacrifices of blood and millet porridge the
  primary crop of the Dogon are made at the Binu
  shrines at sowing time and whenever the
  intercession of the immortal ancestor is desired.
  
• Through such rituals, the Dogon believe that the
  benevolent force of the ancestor is transmitted
  to them.

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diviner draws a questions in the sand for the
sacred fox to answer The Dogon people believe
the fox has supernatural powers. The Dogon may
ask questions and n the morning, the diviner will
read the fox prints on the sand and make
interpretations.
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Astronomy

• The Dogon are famous for their astronomical
  knowledge taught through oral tradition, dating
  back thousands of years, referencing the star
  system, Sirius, the dog star.
• Their oral traditions say this knowledge was
  given to them by the Nommo.

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• The Dogon priests claimed that Sirius had a
  companion star that was invisible to the human
  eye.
• They also stated that the star moved in a
  50-year elliptical orbit around Sirius, that it
  was small and incredibly heavy, and that it
  rotated on its axis.
• This was verified in 1862 by Alvan Clark who
  discovered the second star making Sirius a
  binary star system (two stars).

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• The earliest Egyptians believed Sirius - 'Sothis'
  - was the home of souls that have crossed over.
  It is the brightest star in our night sky. This
  belief is also shared with the Dogon.
• The Dogons have described perfectly the DNA
  pattern made by an elliptical orbit created by
  the two stars of Sirius as they rotate make
  around each other. They believe Sirius to be the
  axis of the universe, and from it all matter and
  all souls are produced in a great spiral motion.