PLANTS

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PLANTS
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Warm-up (3/23 3/28)

• Turn in warm-ups
• Turn in protist lab (2 stacks)
• Pick up the sheets at the front
• How do amoeba move?
• What pumps water in and out of paramecium to
  maintain homeostasis?
• How do amoebas and paramecium obtain food?
• How do algae obtain food?
• How do fungi reproduce?

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Objectives

• Know the difference between mosses, ferns,
  gymnosperms, and angiosperms
• Know the difference between the 3 types of plant
  cells
• Know the 2 types of vascular tissue
• Know the 2 types of meristems in plants

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Homework

• Bring a 6-pack of annual flowers (ex. impatiens,
  pansies, etc.) by next class
• Finish Plant drawings by next class
• Plant Packet due on 4/4 or 4/5

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PLANTS

• Multicellular (many celled) Eukaryotic (nucleus)
• Autotrophic (make their own food) contain
  chlorophyll in chloroplast
• Cell walls contain cellulose
• Sexual and Asexual reproduction

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REVIEW
C6 H 12O6 Glucose
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NON-VASCULAR PlantsSeedless

• 1. Example Moss have No tubes or vessels to carry
  water etc.

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• 2. Must live in wet places water passes through
  cells by osmosis.

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• 3. No true roots have rhizoids anchor plant
• 4. Antheridium sperm producing organ
• 5. Archegonium egg producing organ

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VASCULAR PLANTS

• Examples are Ferns, Pines, Flowering plants

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• 2. Have vascular tissue similar to veins
• 3. Xylem moves water up (dead cells)
• 4. Phloem moves food up/down (live cells)

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Vascular Tissue
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VASCULAR PLANTS WITH SEEDS

• Produce seeds in cones or flowers

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• 2. Have true roots, stems, leaves
• 3. Fertilization pollen enters ovary and
  combines with ovule (egg)

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• 4. Oldest Plant Alive Ginkgo biloba (Have
  seeds)

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VASCULAR PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDS

• Ferns
• No seeds

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FERNS

• a. Frond leaf

• b. Rhizomes underground stem

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c. Sorus produces spores
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d. Fiddleheads unfurling fern fronds
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GYMNOSPERMS

• Pine trees, firs, evergreens
• Have cones (no flowers)
• Male cone produces pollen
• Female cone produces seed after pollination
• Literally means
• naked seed

male
Female
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GYMNOSPERMS
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ANGIOSPERMS

• Flowering plants, fruit trees
• Most abundant type of plants
• Seeds are contained in and protected by fruit
• Monocot or Dicot (On Back)

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MONOCOT/DICOT
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Response to Stimuli - Tropism
1. Phototropism response of a plant to light

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• 2. Photoperiodism plant response to daylight
  length (time)

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Gravitropism plant response to gravity
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4. Thigmotropism plant response to touch
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• Positive toward the stimulus
• Negative away from the stimulus

Roots grow toward the earth, positive
gravitropism. Roots grow away from light,
negative phototropism
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Patterns of Growth1. Annuals grow, mature, and
die in 1 year
Phlox
Petunia
Geranium
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• 2. Biennials A plant that produces roots,
  stems, and leaves the first year and flowers the
  second year.

Money Plant
Canterbury Bells
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3. Perennials live for more than 2 years
Gloriosa Daisy
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ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES, AND FLOWERS
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MOSSES DO NOT have true, roots, stems and leaves
Review
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FERNS Have true, roots, stems and leaves
Review
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GYMNOSPERMS Have true roots, stems and leaves
Review
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ANGIOSPERMS Have true roots, stems and leaves
Review
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Vascular Tissue
Review
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MONOCOT/DICOT
Review
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Roots
1. Root Hairs increase surface area for more
absorption
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Fibrous/Taproot
GRASS
Carrot
TAPROOT
Fibrous root
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Water Transport

• 2. Transpiration evaporation of water from
  leaves
• 3. Capillarity adhesion cohesion
• 4. Adhesion waters ability to stick to other
  things
• 5. Cohesion waters ability to stick to itself

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Capillarity
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Seeds
(Epicotyl)
1. Epicotyl stem found above the cotyledons 2.
Radicle forms the primary root
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Seeds

• Seed dispersal distributing seeds away from the
  Parent plant
• Seeds with hooks attach to animal fur
• Seeds can pass through your or an animals
  digestive tract unharmed.

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I. Bark

• 1. Cambium any tissue that increases width in
  plants
• 2. Cork Dead cells on outside of tree, protects
  and waterproofs (Waxy)
• 3. Cork cambium produces cork
• 4. Phloem transports sugar

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Stem (Wood)
SAPWOOD
HEARTWOOD
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II. Wood

• 1. Vascular cambium produces vascular tissue
  (xylem/phloem) cambium increases width
• 2. Sapwood active xylem transporting water
• 3. Heartwood dead xylem cells, help supports
  tree

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Annual Rings
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Leaf
BLADE Actual name of leaf
PETIOLE Attaches leaf to stem
VEIN
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Functions

• 1. Cuticle waxy covering that prevents water
  loss
• 2. Epidermis skin that covers top and bottom
  of the leaf
• 3. Mesophyll Middle layer of leaf that contains
  chloroplasts, photosynthesis occurs here

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• 4. Stoma Holes in the bottom of the leaf that
  allow CO2 to enter and H2O and O2 to leave
• 5. Guard cells Swell or shrink to open and
  close stoma (found only in lower epidermis)
  except in plants that float, they are on the top.

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Leaf Parts
CUTICLE
UPPER EPIDERMIS
CHLOROPLAST
Palisade layer
MESOPHYLL
XYLEM
PHLOEM
Spongy Layer
LOWER EPIDERMIS
GUARD CELLS
STOMA
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Male Flower Parts

• 1. Stamen male reproductive organ
• 2. Filament Holds up the anther
• 3. Anther forms pollen (male gamete)

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Female Flower Parts

• 1. Pistil (aka carpal) female reproductive
  organ
• 2. Stigma Sticky top that will catch pollen
• 3. Style Curved neck that connects stigma and
  ovary
• 4. Ovary Base of organ that contains ovules
  (eggs), ovary will develop into fruit, eggs will
  become seeds

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Flower Parts
STIGMA
ANTHER
STYLE
STAMEN
FILAMENT
PISTIL
PETALS (COROLLA)
EGG Ovule
OVARY
SEPALS (CALYX)
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• 1. Petals brightly colored structures found
  inside sepals
• 2. Corolla all the petals together
• 3. Sepal Outer most flower part encloses the
  bud and protects the flower
• 4. Calyx All the sepals together

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Pollination/Fertilization

• Pollination when pollen (sperm) is transferred
  from an anther to a stigma (can be from the same
  plant self-pollination)
• Fertilization when pollen on the stigma enters
  the ovary and combines with the ovule (egg)

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Pollinators
3. Flies like rotting meat smell

• Honeybees need a
• landing platform

• 2. Night-flying moths need white,
• very fragrant flowers

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Pollinators

• 4. Hummingbirds like bright colored (red or
  orange), tube-shaped flowers
• 5. Bats like sour, musty odors (Banana tree)
• 6. Wind Light weight flowers, No particular color
  or scent.

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Plant Adaptations

• Aquatic plants have to be able to tolerate mud.
• To take in enough oxygen, they have tissues with
  large air space and stomata on the upper side of
  the leaves.
• Salt tolerant plants can withstand salt
  concentrations in the soil far greater than
  normal plants.
• Epiphytes are plants that do not root in the
  soil, their roots get water from the air.
• Many plants defend themselves against insect
  attack by making compounds that ward off animals.

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Leaf Modifications

• Cactus spines are modified leaves that help
  reduce water loss from the plant and provide
  protection from predators.
• Carnivorous plants, like the pitcher plant have
  leaves with adaptations that can trap insects or
  other small animals.
• Leaves often function as water or food storage
  sites.
• This adaptation ensures the long-term survival of
  the plant when water resources are scarce.