The Murders of Juarez, Mexico

1

• The Murders of Juarez, Mexico
• Alien Tort Claims Act
• Justice denied anywhere diminishes justice
  everywhere.
• Martin Luther King Jr.
• Amber Jacobs Elizabeth Thorson
• Brianne Minarsich Gonzalo Vazquez
• Carriena Mullen

2
Introduction

• Women have been brutally murdered for more than
  thirteen years and the mothers of the victims do
  not see any justice in sight.
• The El Paso Times claims that there are "nearly
  340" victims since 1993.1 There have been
  arrests made, however the body count is still
  increasing.
• The Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) states District
  courts shall have original jurisdiction of any
  civil action by an alien for a tort only,
  committed in violation of the law of nations or a
  treaty of the United States.2

3
Facts of the Case

• Since 1993, more than 500 women and girls have
  been murdered or disappeared in Ciudad Juarez and
  Chihuahua City.
• The victims fit a certain profile slender, poor,
  and young with dark hair. 3
• It has been repeatedly reported by Amnesty
  International and other Human Rights watch groups
  that the investigations have been botched,
  evidence has been falsified and the police
  officials have failed to preserve vital evidence.
  

4
Plaintiffs
Juana Sandoval Reyna and Esmeralda Juarez
Alarcon
Gloria Rivas
Neyra Azucena Cervantes
Paula Flores, mother of Sagrario Gonzales Flores
Consuelo Valenzuela, mother of Julieta Marleng
Gonzalez Valenzuela
Mother of Erika Ivon Ruiz Zabala
Esther Luna, mother ofBrenda Alfaro Luna
5
" ....We went to her workplace, we went to see
her friends, we went to see her clients. On
Monday I went to the Special Prosecutor's office
and they couldn't find the report Id lodged. We
went out searching every day and we said to other
mothers and relatives of missing persons, what
are we going to do? ... We went to the Special
Prosecutor's office, then to the Office for the
Care of Victims and all those places ... after
a while they changed the Special Prosecutor. We
went there time and time again. But the case
stayed stuck there. They said there were no lines
of enquiry, it went from one prosecutor to
another, but no investigation was carried out and
they didn't do a search for her either.We went
to see the Public Prosecutor, I asked him why
they hadn't carried out a search for her, why
they hadn't pursued the investigations and he
said there were no lines of enquiry but I told
him there were. I told him you have the names of
the people, why don't you call them in to make
statements? They replied that they had already
followed up with everyone. They told me that just
to make out they were doing something but they
were doing nothing. We went to Chihuahua, we
asked for copies of the file, there we saw that
there had been no movement in the proceedings for
four and a half years and that they had not
searched for Silvia ....We went to see the
governor, I told him what was going on, I asked
him why, if those were the men who did it, there
was no right to punish them, he told me don't
worry, we're going to get them, we're going to
see that justice is done. Next time we went to
see him, he asked us why we were asking him for
justice and said we should be asking the
previous governor, that's what he told us ..."
Evangelina Arce, mother of Silvia Arce who went
missing on 12 March 1998
Testimony from the Mother of Silvia Arce
6
Defendants

• Suly Ponce Prieto 1998 - resigned March 1, 2002.
• When an FBI leak revealed witness testimony
  linking Lilia Garcia's killers to drug dealers,
  Suly Ponce dismissed it, calling it erroneous.
  She instead blamed workers in a circus across the
  street from the strip mall where Garcia was last
  seen. When circus managers claimed that Ponce
  offered them money to blame co-workers, she
  dropped the investigation. Garcia and Gonzalez's
  murders are rumored to be the work of a serial
  killer with possible ties to drug dealers. Yet
  Garcia was found with marks on her wrists that,
  according to local forensics experts, were
  identical to those made by police handcuffs.  
• Guillermo Prieto Quintana  Former Chief of
  Police
• Attorney Arturo Gonzalez Rascon State Prosecutor
  before 1999, District Attorney general in 2001.
• When Attorney General Rascon accused the two bus
  drivers of the cotton field murders in November
  2001, Izaguirre hosted the drivers' wives on her
  show. After that interview, advertisements began
  appearing in local newspapers smearing Izaguirre
  with claims that Esmeralda Juarez Alarcon she
  frequented strip clubs and was romantically
  involved with one of the bus drivers. News media
  on both sides of the border have reported that
  the receipt for the ad was signed by government
  officials who paid for it.  
• Jose Reyes Baeza Terrazas Governor
• Patricio Martinez Prior Governor 

• When I want an issue not to be resolved, I
  entrust it to a committee.
• Napoleon Bonaparte

7
The Sosa Test

• The actionable violations of international law
  must be of a norm that is specific, universal,
  and obligatory.(4)
• In Doe I v. Unocal Corp. the court stated we
  have recognized that torture, murder, and slavery
  are jus cogens violations and, thus, violations
  of the law of nations. Rape can be a form of
  torture.
• Finally, the court held that in order to qualify
  as a crime against humanity both rape and sexual
  violence must be committed widely or
  systematically against a civilian
  population...(5)
• The numbers of rapes involved in the murders, of
  the women of Juarez, can be considered widespread
  and a crime against humanity.

8
Acquiescence

• Torture is defined by the CAT as being
• Any act by which severe pain or suffering,
  whether physical or mental, is intentionally
  inflicted on a person for such purposes as
  obtaining from him or a third person information
  or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a
  third person has committed or is suspected of
  having committed, or intimidating or coercing him
  or a third person, for any reason based on
  discrimination of any kind, when such pain or
  suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation
  or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
  official or other person acting in an official
  capacity. 8 C.F.R. 208.18 (a)(1).

9
Acquiescence Continued

• Acquiescence is well established in both Domestic
  and International Law
• International Law
• Asylum Cases
• Domestic Law
• Zheng v. Ashcroft
• Bullies v. Nye
• Khouzam v. Ashcroft

10
Zheng v. Ashcroft

• Court concluded that the BIAs interpretation of
  acquiescence to require that government officials
  are willfully accepting of torture to their
  citizens by a third party is contrary to clearly
  expressed congressional intent to require only
  awareness and not actually knowledge or willful
  acceptance in the definition of acquiescence
• The Court cited Ontunez-Turious v. Ashcroft,
  which held that willful blindness suffices to
  prove acquiescence

11
Willful Acceptance v. Willful Blindness

• Willful Acceptance is a thing of the past.
• Bullies v. Nye
• acquiescence must be more than the awareness by
  government officials of torture and their
  inability to prevent it they must willfully
  accept it, or at least turn a blind eye
• Khouzam v. Ashcroft
• The Court cited Zheng, which again held that
  willful acceptance of acquiescence is no longer
  the standard to abide by, but rather, willful
  blindness.

12
Application to Juarez.

• Acquiescence is applicable to the case at hand
• The defendants did have awareness of the
  activities taking place in Juarez by attempting
  to investigate however, these did not involve
  full fresh investigations, with the
  re-interviewing of witnesses or gathering other
  new evidence.
• Therefore, the defendants remained willfully
  blind to women being tortured in Juarez.

13
Color of Law

• The color of state law can be defined as a
  "misuse of power, possessed by virtue of state
  law and made possible only because the wrongdoer
  is clothed with the authority of state law, is
  action taken under color of' state law."6
• Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that alien
  plaintiffs may sue Bosnian-Serb leader Radovan
  Karadzic in a United States Appellants'
  allegations that Karadzic personally planned and
  ordered a campaign of murder, rape, forced
  impregnation, and other forms of torture designed
  to destroy the religious and ethnic groups of
  Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats clearly state
  a violation of the international law norm
  proscribing genocide, regardless of whether
  Karadzic acted under color of law or as a private
  individual.
• Further, the court held that an individual could
  be held liable for such acts regardless of
  whether he was acting under color of law if such
  acts were committed in the course of genocide
  and/or war crimes.

14
Legal Hurdles

• Statute of limitations
• The Torture Victims Protection Act of 1991
  provides that "no action shall be maintained
  under this section unless it is commenced within
  ten 6  (10) years after the cause of action
  arose." 28 U.S.C. 1350 (note).

15
Statute of Limitations Cont

• We overcame the Statute of Limitations hurdle by
  choosing Plaintiffs and Defendants who meet the
  ten year requirement.

16
Statute of Limitations Cont.

• For cases after the ten year limit, the Statute
  of Limitations hurdle can be overcome by
  equitable tolling.
• the doctrine of equitable tolling should apply
  "where extraordinary circumstances outside
  plaintiff's control make it impossible for
  plaintiff to timely assert his claim." Forti v.
  Suarez-Mason, 672 F. Supp. 1531, 1549 (N.D. Cal.
  1987).
• The victims families could not bring their claims
  in a timely manner because of the lack of
  response from the government of Ciudad Juarez and
  the state of Chihuahua.

17
Equitable Tolling

• The Sixth Circuit has identified five-factors to
  consider when determining whether to apply
  equitable tolling,
• 1) lack of notice of the filing requirement
• 2) lack of constructive knowledge of the filing
  requirement
• 3) diligence in pursuing one's rights
• 4) absence of prejudice to the defendant
• 5) the plaintiff's reasonableness in remaining
  ignorant of the particular legal requirement(7).

18
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

• Statute under U.S. law that sets the limits of
  how a foreign government may be sued in U.S.
  civil courts.
• Since torture and genocide cannot, under any
  circumstance, be recognized as lawful or official
  acts, immunity cannot be applied to anyone who
  commits acts of torture and genocide regardless
  of their official status.(8)
• We have overcome this hurdle because the
  defendants are not the Head of the State and they
  are not diplomats, therefore they are not immune
  to civil suit under the ATCA.

19
Legal Hurdle

• The CAT definition of torture states that such
  pain or suffering has to be inflicted by or at
  the instigation of or with the consent or
  acquiescence of a public official or other person
  acting in an official capacity.
• However, case precedent allows an alien to bring
  a case against a public official under the ATCA
  when the public official participates in willful
  blindness of the torturous act.(9)
• Willful blindness is knowing that an act is
  occurring and turning a blind eye.

20
Torture Definition Cont

• It is obvious that the Mexican governmental
  officials know about the murders due to the fact
  that the they have conducted investigations (or
  should we say skimming the surface) of these
  murders.
• A 2004 CNN article discusses the first time the
  crime scene was preserved by the Mexican
  government (and this sight was only preserved due
  to the presence of federal authorities).10
• Thus, the government officials have known and
  continue to know about these murders but have
  done nothing to prevent or completely investigate
  the murders until 2004.

21
Torture Definition Cont

• The government may now claim that they are
  powerless to stop these torturous acts. Some of
  these reasons may include the police being
  untrained or lacking the funds to prevent the
  crimes.
• However, there have been no indications of the
  government implementing any training programs nor
  is there a lack of funds in the government. The
  money that should be funding these programs and
  investigations is actually going into the pockets
  of the government officials and drug dealers due
  to the governments corruption.11
• Therefore, the government has no argument of
  being powerless to stop these torturous acts.

22
Conclusion

• We believe that there is an excellent likelihood
  of winning this case. We would bring the case to
  trial in the 9th circuit and ask that Attorney,
  Paul Hoffman, argue this case. The 9th circuit
  has continually demonstrated a liberal
  interpretation of the ATCA and Paul Hoffman is an
  authority on ATCA cases. Also, we would be able
  to use the jurys emotions by showing the
  unlimited number of women that have been murdered
  under the governments watchful eye. Therefore,
  by Paul Hoffman arguing an emotional case in the
  9th circuit, along with our solid argument of the
  Juarez Murders and case law, we believe that we
  will prevail.

23
The dead cannot cry out for justice it is a
duty of the living to do so for them. Lois
McMaster Bujold
Women Murdered

• 1. Adriana Martínez Martínez2. Adriana Saucedo
  Juárez 3. Adriana Torres Márquez 4. Aída Carrillo
  5. Alejandra Viescas Castro 6. Alicia Herrera 7.
  Alma García 8. Alma Mireya Chavira (o Chavarría)
  Fávila 9. Alma P. o Leticia Palafox Z. 10. Amalia
  Saucedo Díaz de León 11. Amelia Lucio Borja 12.
  Amparo Guzmán Caixba 13. Ana Gil Bravo 14. Ana
  Hipólito Campos 15. Ana Ma. Gardea Villalobos 16.
  Apolonia Fierro P. 17. Araceli Gómez Martínez 18.
  Araceli Lozano Bolaños 19. Araceli R. Martínez
  Montañés 20. Aracely Esmeralda Martínez 21.
  Aracely Gallardo Rodríguez 22. Aracely Manríquez
  Gómez 23. Aracely Núñez Santos 24. Argelia Irene
  Salazar Crispín 25. Bárbara Araceli Martínez
  Ramos 26. Bertha Luz Briones 27. Blanca Estela
  Velázquez Valenzuela28. Blanca Yadira Nuñez29.
  Brenda Alfaro Luna 30. Brenda Berenice Delgado
  Rodríguez31. Brenda Herrera 32. Brenda Lizeth
  Nájera Flores 33. Brenda Patricia Méndez Vásquez
  34. Brisa Narváez Santos 35. Carolina Carrera 36.
  Cecilia Sáenz Parra 37. Celia Guadalupe Gómez de
  la Cruz 38. Cynthia Rocío Acosta Alvarado 39.
  Clara Hernández Martínez 40. Clara Zapata Zepeda
  Álvarez 41. Claudia Ivette González 42. Claudia
  Ramos López 43. Cristina Quezada Mauricio 44.
  Cynthia Portillo de González 45. Dalia Maribel
  Prieto 46. Deisy Salcido Rueda 47. Domitila
  Trujillo Posadas 48. Donna Maurine Striplin Boggs
  49. Dora Alicia Martínez Mendoza 50. Elba
  Reséndiz Rodríguez 51. Elba Verónica Olivas 52.
  Elena García Alvarado 53. Elena Salcido Meraz 54.
  Elsa Rivera Rodríguez 55. Elizabeth Castro García
  56. Elizabeth Flores Sánchez 57. Elizabeth Gómez
  58. Elizabeth Martínez Rodríguez 59. Elizabeth
  Ramos 60. Elizabeth Robles Gómez 61. Elizabeth
  Soto Flores 62. Elodia Payán Núñez 63. Elsa
  América Arrequín Mendoza 64. Elva Hernández
  Martínez 65. Elvira Carrillo de la Fuente 66.
  Emilia García Hernández 67. Eréndira Buendía
  Muñoz 68. Eréndira Ivonne Ponce Hernández 69.
  Erica García Moreno 70. Erika Ivonne Ruiz Zavala
  71. Erika Pérez72. Esmeralda Juárez Alarcón 73.
  Esmeralda Leyva Rodríguez 74. Esmeralda Urías
  Sáenz 75. Estefanía Corral González 76. Eugenia
  Martínez Poo 77. Fabiola Zamudio 78. Fátima
  Vanessa Flores Díaz 79. Flor Idalia Márquez 80.
  Francisca Epigmenia Hernández 81. Francisca
  Lucero Gallardo 82. Francisca Sánchez Gutiérrez
  83. Gabriela Bueno Hernández 84. Gabriela
  Domínguez Aguilar 85. Gabriela Edith Márquez
  Calvillo 86. Gladys Janeth Fierro Vargas 87.
  Gladys Lizeth Ramos Esc 88. Gloria Betances
  Rodríguez89. Gloria Elena Escobedo Piña 90.
  Gloria Escalante Rodríguez 91. Gloria Olivas
  Morales 92. Gloria Rivas Martínez 93. Graciela
  García Primero 94. Guadalupe Ivonne Estrada Salas
  95. Guadalupe Luna de la Rosa 96. Guadalupe
  Verónica Castro Pando 97. Guillermina Hernández
  Chávez 98. Hester Van Nierop 99. Hilda Fierro
  Olivas 100. Hilda Rodríguez Núñez 101. Ignacia
  Morales Soto 102. Inés Silvia Merchant 103. Irene
  Castillo 104. Irma Angélica Rosales Lozano 105.
  Irma Arellano Castillo 106. Irma Márquez 107.
  Irma Rebeca Fuentes 108. Irma Valdez Sánchez 109.
  Jacqueline Cristina Sánchez Hernández 110.
  Jessica Lizalde León 111. Jessica Martínez
  Morales 112. Juana González Piñón 113. Juana
  Iñiguez Mares 114. Juana Sandoval Reyna115. Julia
  Luna Vera 116. Julieta Enríquez González 117.
  Karina Ávila Ochoa 118. Karina Daniela Gutiérrez
  119. Karina Candelaria Ramos González120. Karina
  Soto Cruz 121. Laura Alondra Márquez 122. Laura
  Ana Inere 123. Laura Berenice Ramos Monárrez 124.
  Laura Georgina Vargas 125. Laura Lourdes Cordero
  García 126. Leticia Armendáriz Chavira127.
  Leticia Caldera Arvídez128. Leticia de la Cruz
  Bañuelos129. Leticia García Rosales130. Leticia
  Quintero Moreno131. Leticia Reyes Benítez132.
  Leticia Vargas Flores133. Lilia Alejandra García
  Andrade 134. Liliana Frayre Bustillos135. Liliana
  Hodging de Santiago136. Linda Ramos Sandoval137.
  Lorenza Isela González Alamillo138. Lourdes
  Gutiérrez Rosales139. Lourdes Ivette Lucero
  Campos140. Lucila Silva Dávalos141. Luz Adriana
  Martínez Reyes142. Luz Ivonne De la O García143.
  Manuela Hermosillo Quintero 144. Marcela
  Hernández Macías Marcela Macías Hernández 145.
  Marcela Santos Garza 146. Marcela Viviana Rayas
  Arellanes147. Margarita Briseño Rendón 148. María
  Agustina Hernández 149. María Ascensión Aparicio
  Salazar 150. María Cristina Quezada Amador 151.
  María de Jesús Fong Valenzuela 152. María de
  Jesús González 153. María de la Luz Murgado G.
  154. María de los Ángeles Acosta Ramírez 155.
  María de los Ángeles Alvarado Soto 156. María del
  Refugio Núñez L. 157. María del Rosario Cordero
  Esquivel 158. María E. Luna Alfaro 159. María
  Elba Chávez 160. María Elena Caldera 161. María
  Elena Saucedo Meraz 162. María Estela Martínez
  163. María Estela Martínez Valdez 164. María
  Eugenia Mendoza Arias 165. María Inés Ozuna
  Aguirre 166. María Irma Blancarte Lugo 167. María
  Irma Plancarte 168. María Isabel Chávez G. 169.
  María Isabel Haro Prado 170. María Isabel
  Martínez González 171. María Isabel Nava Vázquez
  172. María Isela Núñez Herrera 173. María López
  Torres 174. María Luisa Luna Vera 175. María
  Luisa y sus tres niños 176. María Maura Carmona
  Zamora 177. María Rocío Cordero Esquivel 178.
  María Rosa León Ramos 179. María Rosario Ríos y
  esposo 180. María Sagrario González Flores 181.
  María Santos Ramírez Vega 182. María Santos
  Rangel Flores 183. María Saturnina de León 184.
  María Teresa Rentería Salazar 185. María Victoria
  Arellano Z. 186. Maribel Palomino Arvizo 187.
  Maritza Toribio Flores 188. Martha Alicia
  Esquivel 189. Martha Arguijo Castañeda 190.
  Martha Cecilia Navarrete Reyes 191. Martha
  Claudia Pizarro Velásquez 192. Martha Esmeralda
  Veloz Valdez 193. Martha Francisca Hernández 194.
  Martha Gutiérrez García 195. Martha Yolanda
  Gutiérrez García 196. Mayra Gema Alamillo
  González197. Mayra Juliana Reyes Solís 198.
  Merced Ramírez Morales 199. Mireya Hernández
  Méndez 200. Miriam García Solorio 201. Miriam
  Adriana Vázquez202. Miriam Aguilar Rodríguez 203.
  Miriam Arlem Vázquez Mendoza 204. Miriam de los
  Ángeles Deras205. Nancy Guillermina Quintero G.
  Nelly América Gómez H.206. Nora Elizabeth Flores
  Flores207. Norma Julissa Ramos Muñoz208. Norma
  Leticia Luna Holguín209. Norma Leticia Quintero
  M.210. Norma Mayela Palacios López211. Olga
  Alicia Carrillo Pérez212. Olga González López213.
  Otilia Santos Trujillo214. Paloma Angélica
  Escobar Ledezma215. Paloma Rodríguez Ruges216.
  Patricia Alba Ríos217. Patricia Cortés Campos218.
  Patricia Monroy Torres219. Paula Zepeda Soto220.
  Paulina León221. Perla Chávez Rodríguez222. Perla
  del Castillo 223. Perla Parker Hopking224. Perla
  Patricia Sáenz Díaz225. Petra de la Rosa Masa
  226. Raquel Lechuga Macías 227. Reina Sarriá o
  Sarahí Lara Lucero 228. Rocío Agüero Miranda 229.
  Rocío Barraza Gallegos 230. Rocío Miranda Agüero
  231. Rocío Rincón 232. Rosa Isela Carmona 233.
  Rosa Isela de la Cruz Madrigal 234. Rosa Isela
  Tena Quintanilla 235. Rosa Ivonne Páez Márquez
  236. Rosa Margarita Arellanes García 237. Rosa
  María Hernández 238. Rosa María Lerma Hernández
  239. Rosa María Rivera 240. Rosa Virginia
  Hernández Cano 241. Rosalba López Espinoza 242.
  Rosario Aguayo M. 243. Rosario Fátima Martínez
  Ángel 244. Rosario Rocío García Leal 245. Sandra
  Corina Gutiérrez Estrada 246. Sandra Henry
  Monreal 247. Sandra Juárez V. 248. Sandra Maribel
  Frías García 249. Silvia Elena Rivera Morales250.
  Silvia Gabriela Laguna o Luna Cruz251. Silvia
  Guadalupe Díaz252. Silvia Marchant 253. Silvia
  Ocón López 254. Silvia Rivera Salas 255. Sofía
  González Vivar 256. Soledad Beltrán 257. Soledad
  Sáenz Acosta 258. Sonia Ivette Ramírez 259. Sonia
  Yareli Torres Torres 260. Susana Enríquez
  Enríquez 261. Susana Flores Flores 262. Teodora
  de la Rosa Martínez 263. Teresa de Jesús González
  Mendoza 264. Teresa Mélida Herrera Rey 265.
  Teresita López 266. Tomasa Salas Calderón267.
  Vanessa Horcasitas 268. Verónica Beltrán
  Manjarrez Máynez269. Verónica Guadalupe Castro
  Pando270. Verónica Huitrón Quezada271. Verónica
  Martínez Hernández272. Verónica Santillanes
  Madera273. Victoria E. Parker Hopking274. Violeta
  Mabel Alvídrez Barrios275. Virginia Rodríguez
  Beltrán276. Viridiana Torres Moreno277. Yésica
  Martínez Morales278. Yolanda Álvarez Esquihua279.
  Yolanda Tapia Vega280. Zenaida Bermúdez Campa281.
  Zulema Olivia Alvarado Torresy 72 desconocidas más

281 identified and 72 unidentified women
24
References

• http//images.google.com/images?svnum10hlenlr
  rlsRNWE2CRNWE3A2005-202CRNWE3Aenqcrossesi
  njuarezmexico
• 1 www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/
  predators/ciudad_juarez/
• (2) 28 U.S.C. 1350
• 3 William Paul Simmons, (2006), Remedies for
  the Women of Ciudad Juarez through the
  Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
  Northwestern Journal of International Human
  Rights, 4(3), at page 493
• 4 Sosa v Alvarez-Machain et al.
• 5 Seattle Journal for Social Justice, spring /
  summer, 2005, 3 Seattle J. Soc. Just. 757,GENDER
  AND JUSTICE IN AFRICA Remembering Justice in
  Rwanda Locating Gender in the Judicial
  Construction of Memory, Matthew J. Burnett
• 6http// www.humanrifhtsfirst.org/international_
  justice/w_cont_12.htm
• (7) Graham-Humphreys v. Memphis Brooks Museum of
  Art, Inc., 209 F.3d 552, 561 (6th Cir. 2000).
• (8)http//72.14.203.104/search?qcachet5bZxed4IXE
  Jflgjustice.org /dmdocuments/UsSkl arAmiciAppeal
  Jiang20040128.pdfchuidianvphilippineshlen
  glusctclnkc d10 Brief Amicus Curiae of the
  World Organization Against Torture USA and Other
  Groups in Support of the Appellants, In Re Wang
  v Zemin
• (9) Ontunez-Turios v. Ashcroft Bullies v. Nye
  Zheng v. Ashcroft
• 10 Grinberg, Emanuella. In Juarez murders,
  progress but few answers CNN Court TV April
  2004.
• 11 Lupsha, Peter. Whats Going on in Mexico
  Today is Beyond Fiction PBS Frontline.