Culture and Social Behavior: Cross-Cultural Social Psychology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Culture and Social Behavior: Cross-Cultural Social Psychology

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Title: Culture and Social Behavior: Cross-Cultural Social Psychology


1
Culture and Social Behavior Cross-Cultural
Social Psychology
2
Interpersonal Communication
  • Context vs. Content Cultural Orientation
  • Context of communication
  • level and tone of voice
  • looking or not looking into the eyes (contact)
  • distance between bodies
  • posture and body orientation
  • extent of body touching, including what parts of
    the body are being touched.

3
Culture and Communication
  • Context cultures - societies that are
    homogeneous, relatively simple, and where people
    have to maintain good long-term relationships
    with others.
  • Content culture everything is spelled out
    (said) clearly and explicitly. Nothing is left
    open to interpretation.

4
Social Behavior Patterns
  • Work by Fiske revealed four types of social
    behavior patterns across cultures.
  • 1. Community Sharing
  • People know each other well
  • family life is the closet metaphor
  • what is mine is yours, intimacy, oneness,
    cooperation and self-sacrifice are typical
    behaviors.

5
Social Behavior Patterns (cont.)
  • 2. Authority Ranking
  • Obedience, admiration, and giving and following
    orders without questioning are typical behaviors.
  • The relationship between a general and a soldier
    is the closest metaphor.

6
Social Behavior Patterns (cont.)
  • 3. Equality Matching
  • Social interaction between totally equal friends
    is the best metaphor.
  • Typical behaviors taking turns, dividing things
    evenly, one person, one vote, etc.

7
Social Behavior Patterns (cont.)
  • 4. Market Pricing
  • Social relationships based on a cost-benefit
    analysis
  • Ill be your friend if it pays to do so

8
Collectivism vs. Individualism
  • As we have said again and again in this class,
    this continuum provides a parsimonious yet highly
    predictive culturally relevant construct for
    understanding all sorts of behavior patterns
    across cultures.

9
Perception and Attractiveness
  • Attractiveness
  • Cultural differences in the definition of
    attractiveness can influence the formation of
    impressions.
  • i.e. in Japan, attractiveness was correlated with
    large eyes, small mouths, and small chins.
    However, in Korea-large eyes, small and high
    noses, and thin and small faces define
    attractiveness.

10
Perception and Attractiveness (cont.)
  • Person Perception
  • Recognition of Faces
  • People tend to recognize others of their own
    perceived race more accurately.

11
Love and Intimacy
  • What attracts people to selecting a mate?
  • Early 1950 studies indicated proximity
  • Recent studies indicate physical attractiveness
  • Matching Hypothesis-people of equal physical
    characteristics are likely to select each other.
  • Similarity Hypothesis-people similar in age,
    race, religion, social class, education,
    intelligence, attitudes, and physical
    attractiveness form intimate relationships.
  • Reciprocity hypothesis-people tend to like others
    who like them.

12
Love and Intimacy (cont.)
  • Hatfield and Berscheids Theory of Love
  • Passionate Love - absorption of another that
    includes sexual feelings and intense emotion.
  • Companionate Love - warm, trusting, and tolerant
    affection for another whose life is intertwined
    with yours.
  • Sternbergs Theory
  • Seven different forms of love depending on the
    presence or absence of passionate love, intimacy,
    or commitment.

13
Love and Intimacy (cont.)
  • Differences Across Cultures
  • Romantic love valued more in America and Germany
    than in Japan (Simmons et al., 1986)
  • Europeans value love more than South Africans and
    Indians, the South Africans place higher value on
    equality and peace (Furnham, 1984)

14
Cross Cultural Similarities Buss studies (1989
and 1994)
  • - More than 10,000 respondents in 37 different
    cultures completed 2 questionnaires (factors in
    choosing a mate and preferences concerning
    potential mates)
  • - In 36 of 37 cultures, females rated financial
    prospects as more important than did males.
  • - In all 37, males preferred younger mates and
    females preferred older mates.
  • - In 34, males rated good looks as more important
  • - In 23, males rated chastity as more important

15
Attributions for Social Behavior
  • Casual Attributions are the inferences people
    make about the causes of events regarding and
    their own and others behaviors.
  • Traditional American Attributions
  • Kelleys Covariation Model - people attribute
    behavior to causes that are present when the
    behavior occurs and absent when the behavior does
    not.

16
Attributions (cont.)
  • People consider 3 types of information when
    making attributions
  • Consistency is a persons behavior consistent
    across situation or is it situation specific?
  • Distinctiveness is a persons behavior unique
    to the specific target?
  • Consensus would other persons faced with the
    same situation behave is a similar manner?

17
Attributions (cont.)
  • Weiners Theory of Stability
  • Describes four types of attributions for success
    and failure Stable and Unstable, internal and
    external
  • I.e. if didnt get a job you could attribute it
    to
  • 1) stable internal factors (lack of ability),
  • 2) stable external factors (too much
    competition),
  • 3) unstable internal factors (lack of effort),
    or
  • 4) unstable external factors (bad luck).

18
Attributions (cont.)
  • Fundamental Attribution Error - a tendency to
    attribute negative behavior outcome in others to
    internal factors (lack of ability) and to
    attribute negative outcomes in ourselves to
    external factors (unfair test).
  • Self Serving Bias - a tendency to attribute our
    own successes to personal factors and our
    failures to situational factors.
  • Defensive Attributions a tendency to blame
    victims for their misfortune.

19
Cross-Cultural Extensions of Causal Attribution
Theories and Research
  • This is an area where the limitations of American
    and Western European Psychology have been
    extremely apparent.
  • Cultural differences abound.
  • In fact, most of these theories have failed the
    universalism test.

20
Aggression
  • Any act or behavior that hurts another person,
    either physically or psychologically.
  • Cross-Cultural Differences
  • Robbins et al (1972) - countries in hotter
    climates are associated with higher murder rates.
  • Terav et al (1998) studied justifications for
    aggression
  • Estonians chose instrumental justifications
    (means to an end)
  • Finish reported that aggression was fun.

21
Aggression (cont.)
  • Bond et al (1985) studied aggressive insults and
    criticisms
  • Aggressive behaviors was more acceptable in
    relationships where status and power were unequal
    for Chinese participants than for Americans.
  • Cross Cultural Similarities
  • Across cultures, overt physical and verbal
    aggression is more prevalent among boys than
    girls (Tomada et al.)
  • Acceptance of various forms of aggression are
    similar across cultures from Spain, Finland,
    Poland, South Africa, US, Japan, and Iran
    (Ramirez et al, 2001)

22
Conformity and Compliance
  • Conformity - yielding to real or imagined social
    pressure.
  • Compliance - yielding to social pressure in ones
    public behavior, even if ones private beliefs
    may not have changed.
  • Obedience - when people follow direct commands.
  • Cooperation - ability to work together toward a
    common goal.

23
Conformity and Compliance (cont.)
  • Cross-Cultural Research
  • American bias-negative feelings (Asians value
    conformity)
  • Research on child rearing-indicates that Asians
    and Puerto Ricans were found to value conformity
    and obedience
  • Garza et. al. Studies
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