Class Slides Set 15A

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Class Slides Set 15A Bipedalism Legs/Feet and
Pelvis
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Bipedalism Legs/Feet and Pelvis
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http//www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanIDsa003arti
cleID0008EB7D-BC26-1138-BC2683414B7F0000
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• Arm swinging
• and
• erect (bipedal)
• or
• semi-erect walking
• resulted in a number of postcranial changes

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• Postcranial
• below the head
• (with bipeds)
• behind the head
• (with quadrupeds)

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Postcrania
New World monkey
Modern human
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., pp. 200, 429, 121
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Apes

• The ability to assume a fairly erect posture
  produced important changes

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Chimpanzee
The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 71
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Bipedal Locomotion

• Why bipedalism?

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Bipedalism

• Bipedalism is related to tool use

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Positive Feedback Systems.
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 275
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Acheulian biface (hand axe)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 239
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Bipedalism

• more about bipedalism
• and to tool use later

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Bipedalism

• Bipedalism also makes hunting
• more energy efficient

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 44
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Bipedalism

• Seed and nut gathering
• and
• Feeding from bushes

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Bipedalism

• Bipedalism and vision
• (visual surveillance)

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Eye Level and Sight.
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 114
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(No Transcript)
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Bipedalism

• Bipedalism and
• Long-distance walking

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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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(No Transcript)
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Bipedalism

• Male help
• in
• provisioning

Owen Lovejoy provisioning hypothesis
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Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Pliocene Adaptations. (Lovejoy)
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 270
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Bipedalism

• Bipedalism
• and
• other hominid traits

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Not on the chart
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Bipedalism

• body temperature

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http//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/14685
91.stm
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http//www.sunspot.net/sports/baseball/bal-te.sp.o
rioles18feb18,0,360173.story?collbal-utility-base
ball
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Bipedalism

• R. Falk (1989) suggested that bipedalism resulted
  in the development of a cooling mechanism for the
  brain.
• CA 312187

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Body Surface and Solar Radiation.
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 268
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Not on the chart
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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Bipedalism

• may have been
• an arboreal forest adaptation

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Week 07
Video Search for the First Human -- A
Secrets of the Dead Special
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Not on the chart
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial
Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 217
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(No Transcript)
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• Bipedal walking
• resulted in a number of postcranial changes in
  the legs and feet . . .

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• The legs and feet . . .
• feet become more foot-like

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gibbons
humans
gorillas
bonobos
chimps
orangutans
orangutans
bonobos
chimps
gorillas
humans
gibbons
Campbell and Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8th ed, p.
138f
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Foot (pedal) anatomy.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 435
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Grover Krantz.
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 383
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Foot (pedal) anatomy.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 436
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• Leg bones are much stouter
• and
• have more pronounced
• dorsal ridges
• (on the back)

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• Leg muscle structures change

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(No Transcript)
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Comparison of muscles that act to extend the hip.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 224
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(No Transcript)
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• Humans have developed a closed-knee stance

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Closed-Knee Stance.
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 193
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WT 15000 from Nariokotome, Kenya the most
complete Homo erectus specimen yet found
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 235
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Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 242
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(No Transcript)
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• There is a lossof some mobility
• and
• prehensility
• in feet

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• Prehensility
• the ability to grasp

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White-handed gibbon
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 131
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• A number of changes take place in the pelvis . .
  .

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The Pelvis

• becomes shorter and wider . . .
• has a distinct pelvic bowl . . .
• and the muscle attachment ridges become heavier .
  . .

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The Pelvis

• becomes shorter and wider . . .
• has a distinct pelvic bowl . . .
• and the muscle attachment ridges become heavier .
  . .

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xx
Ossa coxae. (a) Homo sapiens. (b)
Australopithecus. (c) Chimpanzee
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 199
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Pelvic girdles.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 435
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The Pelvis

• becomes shorter and wider . . .
• has a distinct pelvic bowl . . .
• and the muscle attachment ridges become heavier .
  . .

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Pelvic girdles.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 435
85

• And the muscle attachment ridges one the pelvis
  become heavier . . .

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xx
Ossa coxae. (a) Homo sapiens. (b)
Australopithecus. (c) Chimpanzee
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 199
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The human os coxae, composed of three bones. (R)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 199
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• More on pelvic changes later, with the discussion
  of Australopithecus
• (southern ape)

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• External tails are lost

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Skeleton of a brachiator (gibbon)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 121
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Continue on to Set 15B
The Upper Body
Modern human skeleton
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223