Around the year 1000--

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Around the year 1000--

• A momentous time for Western Civilization

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There was more planting and building

• A heavier plough was invented
• A better horse collar
• Windmills were developed to harvest the power
  of wind
• More bridges were built

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The Rise of Towns

• Surplus agriculture products sold in markets
• Peasants started to leave the manor
• Centers established near rivers, old Roman ruins,
  or near the Lords castle.

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Over time, towns wanted their freedom and rights

• Towns struggled to free themselves from the
  Lords taxes.
• They obtained charter of liberties from Kings
• They were loyal to the town rulersbut not the
  Lords in the countryside.

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One of the most famous was the Hanseatic League
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The League had its own flag and fought its own
wars
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It dominated trade into the 1300s. Kings were
jealous of its power.
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Corporate Liberties

• Each town had rights protected by its own
  charter. Free towns were independent of the
  state.

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Guilds

• Over time, peasants developed skills
• They formed associations called guilds
• Guilds dominated trade for hundreds of years.
• They provided education of workers through
  apprenticeships

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Wine Merchants
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Bricklayers
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Nose Pickers
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Overtime, Guilds became frozen

• They limited members to lessen competition
• They protected their memberstherefore became
  protectionist.
• They fixed wages

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Towns and Lords competed for peasant labor.

• Serfdom, or slavery, began to disappear by the
  1100s, and ended by the 1500s. But it remained
  in Russia.

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Kings continued to gain more power

• Parliaments began to form
• Parle means to talk
• Many countries had some form of medieval
  parliament.
• Spain had the Cortes, Diets were in Germany, and
  the Estates General were in France

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The foundations for order and freedom were laid
in the Middle Ages