Optical Fiber

1
Optical Fiber
OF Cables
2
THE PRESENTATION
What this presentation is about? This
presentation is about giving a broad idea about
the concepts of Optical Fiber and OF Cables,
(OPGW, Lashed cables, ADSS, Under Ground Duct
Cables ) without going into the deep
technicalities. So that as and when OF is being
discussed the person who has attended this
presentation is able to understand and follow the
discussion.

• Brief Flow of the Presentation.
• What are Optical Fibers?
• Advantages / Disadvantages of OF.
• Various Types of OF Cables. Their Construction ,
  Specifications etc
• Some Test Equipments Instruments used in OF
  Communications.

3
HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF
FROM ANCIENT GREEKS
TO
21ST CENTURY
4
WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS ?
Optical Fibers are thins long (km) strands of
ultra pure glass (silica) or plastic that can to
transmit light from one end to another without
much attenuation or loss. The glass used to make
Optical Fibers is so pure that if the Pacific
Ocean was filled with this glass then we would be
able to see the ocean bottom form the
surface.!!!! This is to be believed as repeater
distances on long haul routes for optical fibers
vary from 50 to 150 km.
Q.) And how deep is the Pacifica ocean? Ans) At
the deepest point called the Marina Trench, The
pacific ocean is all of just 13km deep..!!!!!
5
Working of Optical fibers?
The light source (LAZER) at the transmitting (Tx)
end is modulated by the electrical signal and
this modulated light energy is fed into the
Optical Fiber. At the receiving end (Rx) this
light energy is made incident on photo-sensors
which convert this light signal back to
electrical signal.
6
Why Optical Fibers ?
As mans need and hunger for communication
increased, the amount of bandwidth required
increased exponentially. Initially we used smoke
signals, then horse riders for communicating. But
these ways were way to slow and had very little
bandwidth or data caring capacity. Then came the
telephone and telegraph that used copper wires
for communication. But soon demand out striped
the capacity and capability of copper wires and
data transport got added to voice communication.
Then came Coaxial copper cables, VHF and UHF
Radios, Satellite but demand still outstripped
the supply.
It was not until Optical Fibers came on the scene
that large amount of communication bandwidth
became economically and easily available to
everyone. As an example 50,000 voice / data
circuit copper cable is massive in size and very
expensive, while a single Optical Fiber, the
diameter of human hair, can carry 5,00,000
circuits of voice and data. This capacity is
increasing day by day as supporting electronics
is developing. In itself the capacity of Optical
Fibers is limitless.
7
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

• VERY HIGH INFORMATION CARRING CAPACITY.
• LESS ATTENUATION (order of 0.2 db/km)
• SMALL IN DIAMETER AND SIZE LIGHT WEIGHT
• LOW COST AS COMPARED TO COPPER (as glass is made
  from sand..the raw material used to make OF is
  free.)
• GREATER SAFETY AND IMMUNE TO EMI RFI, MOISTURE
  COROSSION
• FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO INSTALL IN TIGHT CONDUICTS
• ZERO RESALE VALUE (so theft is less)
• IS DILECTRIC IN NATURE SO CAN BE LAID IN
  ELECTICALLY SENSITIVE SURROUNDINGS
• DIFFICULT TO TAP FIBERS, SO SECURE
• NO CROSS TALK AND DISTURBANCES

8
(No Transcript)
9
DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

• The terminating equipment is still costly as
  compared to copper equipment.
• Of is delicate so has to be handled carefully.
• Last mile is still not totally fiberised due to
  costly subscriber premises equipment.
• Communication is not totally in optical domain,
  so repeated electric optical electrical
  conversion is needed.
• Optical amplifiers, splitters, MUX-DEMUX are
  still in development stages.
• Tapping is not possible. Specialized equipment is
  needed to tap a fiber.
• Optical fiber splicing is a specialized technique
  and needs expertly trained manpower.
• The splicing and testing equipments are very
  expensive as compared to copper equipments.

10
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS

• LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION BACKBONES
• INTER-EXCHANGE JUNCTIONS
• VIDEO TRANSMISSION
• BROADBAND SERVICES
• COMPUTER DATA COMMUNICATION (LAN, WAN etc..)
• HIGHT EMI AREAS
• MILITARY APPLICATION
• NON-COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS (sensors etc)

11
SPECIFICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS
SINGLE MODE OF
MULTI MODE OF
12
COMPARISION WITH OTHER MEDIA / TECHNOLOGIES
13
VARIOUS TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES

• OPGW Cable
• ADSS type OF Cable
• Self-Support AERIAL figure 8 type OF Cable
• LASHED type OF Cable
• UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables
• DUCT Type OF Cable

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
OPGW CABLES
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
ADSS type OF CABLES
30
AERIAL Figure 8 type OF Cable
31
Specifications of AERIAL Figure 8 type OF Cables
32
LASHED type OF Cable
33
OVERHEAD FIBRE OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION
OPGW
WRAP AROUND
ADSS
34

35
UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables
36

Specifications of UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF
Cables
37
DUCT Type OF Cable
38

Specifications of DUCT Type OF Cable
39
TEST AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
OTDR
SPLICING MACHINE
OPTICAL TALK SETS
POWER METER, LASER SOURCE, ATTENUATOR
MECHANICAL SPLICE
TOOL KIT
40
SOME MANUFACTURERS OF OPTICAL CABLES

• Furukawa
• Fujikura
• LG Cables
• Corning
• Philips-Fitel
• Pirelli
• TTL
• Sterlite Cables

41
(No Transcript)