Engineering Ethics

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Engineering Ethics

• An Introduction to Ethics and its Relevance to
  the Profession of Engineering

Module 0 in the Teaching Engineering Ethics
Series
2
Outline of Material

• What are ethics and morals?
• Ethical theories
• Professional Ethics
• What is the engineering profession?
• What is an engineer
• How we see ourselves
• How the public views us
• The social impact of engineering
• Serving the public needs
• The double-edged sword of engineering
• Professional Licensing
• The process education, examination, experience
• What the stamp and signature means
• Engineering ethics

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Herbert Hoover (on engineering)

• The great liability of the engineer compared to
  men of other professions is that his works are
  out in the open where all can see them. His
  acts, step by step, are in hard substance. He
  cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like the
  doctors. He cannot argue them into thin air or
  blame the judge like the lawyers.He cannot, like
  the politician, screen his shortcomings by
  blaming his opponents and hope that the people
  will forget. The engineer simply cannot deny
  that he did it. If his works do not work, he is
  damned forever.

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Engineering (past and present)

• Past
• The independent craftsman and consultant
• Individualism and accountability
• The personally identifiable engineer
• Present
• Engineer is now less visible to the public
• Technology is the domain of the corporation
• Anonymity of the Engineer
• Focused on serving the organization rather than
  the public

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Ethics Vocabulary

• Morals
• Virtue
• Integrity
• Responsibility
• Obligation
• Honesty
• Courage
• Self-Respect
• Accountability
• Professionalism
• Character
• Ideals

Obligation
Virtue
Responsibility
Professionalism
Ethics
Morals
Courage
Character
Integrity
Honesty
Accountability
Ideals
Self-Respect
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Ethics, Morals, and the Law
Classification of Actions

• Morals
• Principles of right and wrong
• Ethics
• A set of moral principles guiding behavior and
  action
• Laws
• Binding codes of conduct formally recognized and
  enforced
• Company Policies

Unethical
Ethical
Ethical
Illegal
Legal
Unethical but Legal
Ethical but Illegal
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Ethical Theories Kohlberg

• Lawrence Kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning
  development
• Built on Jean Piagets theory of developmental
  stages
• A transitional development process occurring
  through maturation from childhood to adulthood.
• Six (6) stages across three (3) levels
• Moral reasoning is not learned but constructed
  through interaction with society and environment
• Environmental factors may affect the speed of
  development, but not the direction.
• Stages cannot be skipped

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Level 1 Pre-conventional

• Driving mechanisms
• Egocentrism
• Personal Interests (seek reward and avoid
  punishment)
• Interpersonal and societal roles are not
  conceptualized
• Also labeled Pre-Moral Level. Kohlberg
  considered those in this level as not yet
  exhibiting a philosophical moral foundation.

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Level 1 Pre-conventional

• Stage 1 Obedience
• Consequences of action determine future behavior
• Actions rewarded are right and are repeated
• Actions punished are wrong and are avoided
• Punishment avoidance is primary motivator

• Stage 2 Quid pro quo
• Good behavior results in others actions that
  satisfy ones own personal needs
• Rewards are primary motivators
• Interpersonal interaction is important only to
  the extent that the situation can be manipulated
  for personal benefit When I do something good,
  I get something good

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Level 2 Conventional

• Also labeled Role-Conformity Level. Kohlberg
  considered those in this level as starting to
  recognize themselves as a part of the larger
  society
• Driving mechanisms
• Trust and Loyalty
• Citizenship
• Recognition of others feelings
• Golden Rule thinking begins

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Level 2 Conventional

• Stage 3 Sociability
• Good Boy Nice Girl orientation
• Approval seeking behavior drives moral reasoning

• Stage 4 Law Order
• Obey the letter of the law
• Social system is stable and predictable
• Conformation to laws is construed as moral and
  correct
• Avoidance of guilt and or censure is primary
  motivator

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Level 3 Post-Conventional

• Also labeled Principled Level. Kohlberg
  considered those in this level as consciously
  validating societys laws while developing their
  own universal ethical principles
• Driving mechanisms
• Resolving conflicts between what is legal and
  what is moral
• Personal Conscience

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Level 3 Principled

• Stage 5 Societal Consensus
• Consensus of the majority (the democratic
  process) results in good laws
• Good laws are followed to the extent they do
  not interfere with life, liberty and the pursuit
  of happiness (individual rights).
• Use of due process to change laws

• Stage 6 Principled
• Universal principles are recognized and accepted.
  
• When principles are in conflict with the law,
  however, the principle is the guide in
  determining moral reasoning.
• Conscience-based

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Ethical Theories Kohlberg

• Criticisms
• Moral reasoning does not necessarily correlate
  with moral behavior (action)
• Culturally-biased toward democratic societies
  espousing strong individual rights
• A community-centered viewpoint was a
  significant omission in Levels 2 and 3
• Research, however, tends to support the
  universality of the theory for Stages 1 through
  5
• Some researchers have posited that the theory has
  a gender-bias (against females)

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Ethical Theories

• Cognitive-Dissonance and Ethical Reasoning
• C-D Theory proposed by Leon Festinger (1959)
• A clash between ones reasoning, actions or
  behavior and ones attitudes or beliefs.
• These inconsistencies can cause unpleasant
  tension, anxiety, and feelings of stress
  (dissonance not in harmony)
• Methods to reduce discomfort
• Change Attitude to better align with
  Behavior/Reasoning
• Change Reasoning to better align with Beliefs
• Bring Attitude and Reasoning closer together
  (meet halfway)
• Ethical Reasoning may involve Cognitive-Dissonance
  

Reasoning Behavior
Attitudes Beliefs
?
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Professional Moral Reasoning

• McCuen (1979)
• Adaptation of Kohlbergs Theory of Moral
  Reasoning
• Draws parallels between personal and professional
  ethics
• Defines categories or dimensions rather than
  developmental stages
• Regression is realistic
• A lens through which to view reasoning and
  behavior

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McCuens Ethical Dimensions
 
McCuens Six Categories of Professional
Engineering Morality (McCuen, R. H. (1979). "The
Ethical Dimensions of Professionalism." Issues in
Engineering 105(E12) 89-105.)
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The Engineering Profession

• How we view ourselves
• Problem-solvers
• Engineering is enjoyable esprit de corps
• Engineering benefits people, provides a public
  service
• Engineering provides the most freedom of all
  professions (Florman, 1976)
• Engineering is an honorable profession

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The Engineering Profession

• How the public views engineering
• The Engineers Role
• Engineers as Utilitarians
• Engineers as Positivists
• Applied Physical Scientists
• This role does not mesh well with an overarching
  social science bias of the public.
• Rational, pragmatic, logical and systematic
  approaches to problem solving tend to alienate
  the engineer from the public
• Only a 50 Very High or High rating on
  honesty
• Consistently behind medical field and teachers
• A public relations problem, not an ethics issue
  per se.
• Best Practices to include applied social
  science

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The Engineering Profession

• Gallup Poll Honesty and Ethics in Professions

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The Engineering Profession
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What is Engineering Ethics

• The study of the moral issues and decisions
  confronting individuals and organizations engaged
  in engineering
• The study of related questions about the moral
  ideals, character, policies, and relationships of
  people and corporations involved in technological
  activity.

from Martin. M. Schinzinger, R. Ethics in
Engineering (3rd Ed.) (New York McGraw-Hill,
1996, pp. 2-3.
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Ethics and Engineering

• Where the ethical issues can arise
• Conceptualization, Design, Testing,
  Manufacturing, Sales, Service
• Supervision and Project Teams
• Project timelines and budgets
• Expectations, opinions, or judgments
• Products Unsafe or Less than Useful
• Designed for obsolescence
• Inferior materials or components
• Unforeseen harmful effects to society

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Ethics and Engineering

• Other fields where ethics are critical
• Medical Ethics
• Legal Ethics
• Business Ethics (closest to Engineering Ethics)
• Scientific Ethics
• An applied ethics domain (rather than a
  theoretical analysis of philosophy)
• Engineering occurs at the confluence of
  technology, social science, and business
• Engineering is done by people and for people
• Engineers decisions have a impact on all three
  areas in the confluence
• The public nature of an engineers work ensures
  that ethics will always play a role

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Ethics and Engineering

• Impacts of an engineers ethical decisions
• The Products Services (safety and utility)
• The Company and its Stockholders
• The Public and Society (benefits to the people)
• Environment (Earth and beyond)
• The Profession (how the public views it)
• The Law (how legislation affects the profession
  and industry)
• Personal Position (job, internal moral conflict)
• Typically, good ethical decisions
• may be just that good, but rarely great or
  ideal
• will not always be in the best interest
  (irrespective of the timeline) of all
  stakeholders
• are not automatic but require thought,
  consideration, evaluation, and communication
  (much like the design process)