Evaluation Questions

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Title: Evaluation Questions

1
Evaluation Questions

Blanks Filling
Multiple-choice Questions
Example Test Paper
Key to Test Paper

2
Fill in the blanks of the following statements
with a proper word or phrase.

1 Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.
2 To many people, a linguist is the same as a ___
, one who can speak several Languages fluently.
3 In professional usage, the ___ is a scholar who
studies Language objectively, observing it
scientifically, recording the facts of Language,
and generalizing from them.
4 ___ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal
organs of producing the sounds of speech ___
phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech
are perceived by the human ear.
5 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
understood and produced.
6 ___ studies the neurological basis of Language
development and use in human beings.

7 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
as it relates to various sociological factors.
8 ___ is concerned with variation and use in
relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of
man.
9 The ancient theories of the origin of Language
were of ____origin.
10 The Egyptians considered themselves to have
the oldest civilization and asserted that the
original human Language was ___.

3 The theory that primitive man made involuntary
vocal noises while performing heavy work has been
called the ___ theory.
4 The theory that primitive man instinctively
gave vocal expression to every external
impression has been called the ___ theory.
5 A commonly held view among the classic Greeks
was that at some ancient time there was a ___
who gave the correct, natural name to everything.
6 The theory that Language arose from instinctive
emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has
been called the ___ theory.
7 The theory that primitive Language was an
imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
has been called the theory.

8 The theory that Language arose from human
beings instinctive need for contact with his
companion has been called the ___ theory.
9 Writing is a secondary Language form based upon
___, and Morse code is tertiary, based upon ___.
10 The reason why Languages other than our own
sound like gibberish is because we have not
mastered the complexity of their ___.
11 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
they do not ___ what they represent.
12 Language is called upon not only for
communication, but also for ___ and cultural
____.

4 Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds
made use of by a group of humans as a means of
carrying on the affairs of their society.
3 Language is a purely human and ___ method of
communicating ideas, emotions and desires by
means of a ___ of voluntarily produced symbols.
5 Language is a system of arbitrary ___ symbols
which permit all the people in a given culture,
or other people who have learned the ___ of that
culture, to communicate or interact.
6 The earliest grammar of any Language was ___
grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.
7 Plato proceeded first to divide the sentence
into two parts ___ and ___.

8 The Greek approach to Language was taken over
by the ___ and applied with little change to
their Language ___.
9 The first major new development in linguistics
until the 13th century was ___ grammar.
10 The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the
___ of views of Language and an increased
awareness of the ___ among Languages.
11 In the 17th century the Port royal Grammarians
stressed the ___ of thought.
12 The beginning of modern linguistics was from
the late 18th and early 19th century when the ___
method was developed and established.

3 Chomskys theory of generative grammar
revolutionized work in linguistics in 1957, with
the publication of his book ___.
4 Saussures exposition of ___ analysis led to
the school of ___ linguistics which developed
around the work of Leonard Bloomfield in America.
5 A Language is responsive to the ___ forces that
shape history.
6 The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans
invaded the land in 55 and 54 BC.
7 The Celtic Language was influenced by ___
during the roman occupation after AD 44.
8 The three Teutonic groups established in
England by the successive invasions after AD 450
were ___, ___ and __.

9 As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066,
vast quantities of ___ words were added to the
English vocabulary.
10 The most memorable writing in the Middle
English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.
11 As Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the
English Language established a uniform standard
for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowths and other
grammarians works standardized English ___.
12 Speech takes place when the organs of speech
move to produce a pattern of ___. These movements
have an effect on the ___ coming from the lungs.
13 When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent
out from the lungs passes through the ___
contained in the larynx.

14 If the glottis is wide open, the air passes
freely through the cords, but if it is narrowed,
the presence of the air causes the cords to
vibrate, producing ___ sounds.
15 A sound which is made with the glottis wide
open is called a ___ sound.
16 Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___,
while all vowel sounds are ___.
The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be
changed, and each change produces a different
sound.

3 The differences between the vowel in the word
tea and the vowel in the word two is that the
first is made with the lips ___ and the front of
the tongue humped, and the second is made with
the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.
4 In the case of vowel sounds, the pharynx and
the mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
position of the ___ and the ___.
5 The sounds t, d, p, and b are made when the ___
in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air
allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.
6 Consonant sounds can also be made when two
organs of speech in the mouth are brought close
together so that the air is pushed out between
them, causing___.

7 The sounds f and v are the result of air
escaping under friction between the lower ___ and
upper ___.
8 All English sounds except me, n, and ny are
made with the soft palate ___.
9 When the ___ is raised, the air cannot escape
through the nose and the sounds ma, n, and ng
cannot be made.
10 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
11 ___ sounds are produced by lowering the velum.
12 ___ sounds are produced by vibrating the vocal
cords.
13 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
muscular effort in the lower jaw.
14 ___ sounds are produced b y maintaining the
airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
cavity).

3 The qualities of vowels depend upon the
position of the ___ and the lips.
4 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
of the tongue from the neutral position.
5 Vowels can be described by referring to the
part of the tongue which is at the highest point
in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at
the highest point near the hard palate, a ___
vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is
at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___
vowel is produced.
6 Vowels produced between the positions for a
front vowel and a back vowel are called ___ vowel.

7 One element in the description of vowels is the
part of the tongue which is at the highest point
in the mouth. A second element is the ___ to
which that part of the tongue is raised.
8 If the tongue is raised as high as possible in
the mouth, without causing friction, the vowel
which results is a ___ vowel.
9 If the tongue is placed as low as possible in
the mouth, the vowel which results is an ___
vowel.
10 The position of the lips also has an effect on
vowel quality. If the lips are drawn together so
that the opening between them is round, we have a
___ vowel. If the lips are not drawn together,
the vowel is ___.
11 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
speech remain in one position without moving to
another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs
of speech start in the position for one vowel and
then immed8iately glide to the position of
another, the result is a ___.

12 A single impulse of breath from the lungs
accompanied by voicing is known as a ___.
13 Diphthongs are represented by two symbols in
phonetic transcription, the first shows the
position of the organs of speech at the ___ of
the glide, and the second shows their approximate
position at the ___ of the glide.

3 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
from a more open position to a more closed
position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
___ diphthong.
4 If the movement of the tongue in making a
closing diphthong is small, the diphthong which
results is called a ___ diphthong.
5 In the case of closing diphthongs the ___
letter indicates the point towards which the
glide is made. The point towards which the glide
is made is ___ necessarily reached. Such
diphthongs sound quite ___ if the organs of
speech perform only part of the maximum
permissible movement.
6 The diphthongs made with a movement of the
tongue towards the center are known as ___
diphthongs.

7 Consonants are characterized in pronunciation
by ___ of the air-stream in the vocal tract.
8 Labial refers to the use of the ___ in the
process of articulating a sound.
9 Alveolar refers to the ___ behind the top
teeth.
10 Palatals are sounds articulated by the ___ of
the tongue against the ___ palate.
11 Velars are sounds articulated by the ___ of
the tongue against the ___ palate.
12 78. A nasal is produced by the release of air
through the ___.
13 A stop with a fricative release is called ___.
14 A ___ is formed by an obstacle placed in the
middle of the mouth, the air being free to escape
at one or both sides.

4 Language may be defined as systematized
sequences of vocal ___ that carry meaning to all
members of a given cultural group.
5 Those who are interested in all possible
variantions of sound are called___.
3 A sound produced in the larynx by closing off
the air-stream in the glottis is called ___.
6 Those who are interested primarily in
distinctive sounds are called___.
7 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds
called___.
8 The sounds k and g are in distinctive
opposition in English and they are themselves
distinctive sounds or ___.

9 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an
unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.
10 The contrast between k and g enables us to
distinguish between words which would otherwise
by ___.
11 Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while
an allophone is put in ___ brackets.
12 The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.
13 Morphology is the study of word ___ and the
internal ___ of words.
14 The most elemental grammatical units in a
Language are ___.
15 Morphemes may b e classified as ___ or free.

16 Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be
joined to other morphemes, and are always parts
of word and never words by themselves. Other
morphemes are ___ in that they need not be
attached to other morphemes.
17 Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and
___ morphemes.

3 A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and
pronouns belongs to ___ class, while the
largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs belongs to ___ class.
4 Scholars in the Middle Ages applied the
Greco-Latin model to their own Languages with
little difficulty because of the close ___
between their own Languages and Greek Latin as
well as their similarities in ___.
5 Certain basic ___ originated from traditional
grammar are an inescapable part of any approach
to Language analysis.
6 ___ analysis is a basic technique in
traditional grammar and is still in use in all
modern approaches to linguistics.

7 Traditional grammarians adopted the practice of
presenting a ___ of a typical verb from each
conjugation and letting it serve as a model for
other verbs in the ___.
8 Traditional grammar has remained strongly ___
in its approach.
9 Traditional grammarians used the method of ___
to describe sentences structure.
10 Customarily, traditional grammarians begin
with ___ definition of the sentence and its
components.
11 Structural grammar placed great emphasis on
analyzing the ___ system of Language.
12 Saussure held that a Language may be viewed as
a self-contained systemthat is, a set of ___
structures.

13 Sussure described ___ study as slicing through
the trunk of a tree to study the arrangement of
rings. ___ study was then seen as tracing the
development of the rings by comparing two
synchronic slices.
14 Saussure saw synchronic studies as logically
___ to diachronic studies.
15 Having discovered great variety among North
American Languages, Boas was quickly convinced
that each Language had to be described in terms
of its own ___ system.

3 Bloomfield (1933) and Fries (1940), two of the
best-known structural linguists, believed in the
need for scientific ___ in linguistic
description.
4 The structuralisms focused their attention on
describing the ___ of the spoken Language because
they felt that ___ in Language was too messy to
deal with in an objective manner.
5 The structural grammar recognizes the
fundamental difference between ___ words and ___
words.
6 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
is used to define ___, which are taken as the
basic building blocks of Language.
7 ___ Grammar is a finite set of rules and
principles for capturing the regularities in the
Language.

8 K-terminal string is the ___ string of the
derivation.
9 Referring to distinguishing between ___ and
___, the point is that we must distinguish
between what it can do (under ideal
circumstances) and what it is actually doing (in
the given circumstances of the moment).
10 According TG grammarians, perhaps the most
important fact about the sentences of human
Languages is that all sentences have both a ___
structure and a ___ structure.
11 The phrases-structure rules, in conjunction
with lexical insertion rules, generate a ___
structure. Next, the transformational rules apply
to change the basic structure into a structure
representation.
12 Transformational rules do not change the basic
__ of sentences.

13 In order to prevent unacceptable sentences
from being generated, it is necessary to impose
certain ___ on the power of transformations.
14 120 In TG Grammar, the syntactic component
provides the ___ for a sentence, whereas the
phonological component provides the ___ of the
sentence and the semantic component provides its
___.

3 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
phrases, and sentences is called ___.
4 When different words are pronounced the same
but have different forms, they are called ___.
5 Not only do Languages contain different words
that sound the same but have different meanings,
they also contain words that sound different but
have the same or nearly the same meanings. Such
words are called ___.
6 ___ are written identically but sound
differently.
7 Two words that are opposite in meaning are __
.
8 Some sentences are ambiguou8s because they have
both a literal meaning and a non-literal meaning.
The non-literal meaning is also called ___
meaning.

9 The conjoining of contradictory terms is
called___.
10 ___ is a form of comparison in which an exact
name for something is replaced by a term closely
associated with it.
11 ___ attributes human qualities to objects or
ideas.
12 The study of ___ holding between individual
lexical items in the elaboration of a theory of
structural semantics by ___ is a great
contribution to semantics.
13 ___ refers to a relation between two words, in
which the meaning of one of the words includes
the meaning of the other word.
14 Under antonymy, a distinction is sometimes
made between pairs like male and female, and
Paris like big and small, according to whether or
not the words are ___.

15 A person who is not male must be female, but
something that is not big is not necessarily
small, it may be somewhere between the two sizes.
Male and female are called ___ big and small are
called ___ antonyms.
16 Presupposition refers to the ___ that must by
met in order for the intended meaning of a
sentence to be regarded as acceptable.
17 Entailment means that the meaning of one
sentence is ___ in that of another.
18 Contradiction means if one sentence is true,
the other must be ___.
19 Sentences that violate possible semantic
relations are said to be ___.

3 The __ act is the actual uttering of a sentence
with a particular meaning the ___ act is the
intent that the speaker has in uttering the
sentence and the ___ act is the result achieved
in uttering the sentence.
4 The study of Language use and its relation to
Language structure and social context is termed
___.
5 ___ is a theory of communication in which the
sender sequentially encodes the information to be
communicated into a signal that travels to a
receiver, who then sequentially decodes it to
recover the original message.
6 Communication is also a social affair, usually
taking place within the __ of a fairly well
defined social situation.

7 Likewise, Message Model portrays Language as a
bridge between speaker and hearer whereby
private ideas re communicated by public
sounds, which thereby function as the ___ for
communicating the relevant massage.
8 The process of converting a message into a
signal by means of which it can be communicated
to other individuals is called ___.
9 The process of converting a signal in some
communication system back into the original
message is termed ___.
10 We sometimes speak ___ that is, we sometimes
intend to perform one communicative act by means
of performing another communicative act.

11 We often speak ___ that is, we do not mean
what our words mean.
12 ___ is the quickest and the most efficient of
the three human comm7unication systems.
13 ___ has often been viewed as reflection of
speech.
14 The first form of communication was probably
___.
15 Chinese writing utilizes a system of
characters, each of which represents the
meaning of a ___.
16 ___ is the only major Language that uses a
syllabic writing system.
17 The term sound-writing is sometimes used in
place of __ writing.
18 A gesture is a ___ manipulation that is
neither verbal nor ___ but is communicative.

19 The study of the positioning and movement of
the body and its parts during conversation is
called ___.
20 The modulation of the voice in communication
is called ___.
21 The study of the space maintained between two
speakers in conversation is called ___.
22 Language is the sum total of the structures
available to the speaker, while style concerns
the characteristic ___ in a given context.
23 ___ choice is usually regarded as a matter of
form or expression. But this view is misleading,
for writers obviously choose __too.
24 The difference between My twenty-three-year-old
brother is a bachelor and My twenty-three-year-ol
d brother is unmarried is ___ , not ___.

25 To speak of style as choice, one must
recognize not only that there is ___ of choice,
but also that there are ___ on choice.
26 Style is sometimes regarded as a ___ with
respect to a norm.

3 The ___ is away of writing, a manner of
expressing ones thoughts and feelings in words.
It is like the ___ of grain in a piece of wood.
4 A mans way of writing will be an expression of
his personality and his way of looking at ___.
The ___ reveals the man.
5 ___ is often used to mean good, clear English.
Bad writing is caused not so much mistakes in
grammar as by weakness in ___.

36
For each blank there are four
choices marked a, B, C and D. Choose ONE that
correctly completes the sentence.)

1 ___ studies the total stock of morphemes of a
Language, particularly those
items which have clear semantic references.
A. Phonology B. Lexicography C. Lexicology D.
Morphology
2 ___ deals with the way in which a Language
varies through geographical space.
A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology
C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics
3 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
understood and produced.
A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. Neurolinguistics D. Anthropological
linguistics

4 ____ deals with Language application to other
fields, particularly educatrion.
A. Linguistic geography B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative
linguistics
5 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
as it relates to various sociological factors.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Nerolinguistics
C. Anthropological linguistics D.
Sociolinguistics
6 One who can speak several Languages fluently is
called ___.
A. a polyglot B. a linguist C. a grammarian D.
arhetorician

7. One who is primarily interested in effective
written or spoken communication is called ___.
A. a rhetorician B. a polyglot C. a literary
critic D. a linguist
8. Language at first consisted of __ ejaculations
of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure, anger and so
on.
A. rhythmical B. imitative C. expressive D.
emotional
9 Language is ___.
A. instinctive B. non-instinctive
C. static D. genetically transmitted

10 ____ is one who makes value judgments about
the worth and effectiveness, the literary merit
of the works of a writers creative imagination.
A. A rhetorician B. A grammarian C. A literary
critic D. A linguist

11 The theory that Language was a kind of song
without words has been known as the ___ theory.
A. pooh-pooh B. sing-song C. bow-wow D. yo-he-ho
12 The sing-song theory was put forward by the
great Danish linguist ___.
A. Otto Jespersen B. Ferdinand de Saussure
C. John Lyons D. Daniel Jones
13 The theory that Language arose from the noise
made by a group of people engaged in joint labor
has been known as the ___ theory.
A. ding-dong B. sing-song C. ye-he-ho D.
pooh-pooh

14 The theory that primitive Language was an
imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
has been called the __ theory.
A. yo-he-ho B. pooh-pooh C. ding-dong D. bow-wow
15 The theory that Language arose from human
beings instinctive need for contact with his
companion has been called the ___ theory.
A. contact B. sing-song C. pooh-pooh D.
ding-dong

The ta-ta theory is sometimes called the ___
theory.
A. musical B. pooh-pooh C. contact D. gesture
17. The ___ theory states that Language developed
from meaningful gestures.
A. bow-wow B. ta-ta C. ding-dong D.sing-song
18 Writing is a secondary Language form based
upon ___.
A. speech B. gesture C. emotion D. sounds
19 ____ is defined as any regionally or socially
definable human group identified by shared
linguistic system.
A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D.
A country

20. ____ means the lack of a logical connection
between the form of something and its expression
in sounds.
A. Ambiguity B. Abstractness C. Arbitrariness D.
Fuzziness
21 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
they do not ___ what they represent.
A. resemble B. mean C. differ from D. change
22 By ___ it is meant that something represents
something else.
A. sound B. utterance C. symbol D. speech

23 The fact that ability to speak a Language is
transmitted from generation to generation by a
process of learning, and not genetically is
usually referred to as ___.
A. performance B. Language acquisition
C. cultural transmission D. competence

24. ___ wrote the oldest know grammar of Techne
Grammatika.
A. Donatus B. Thrax C. Varro D. Priscian
25 The author of Ars Minor is ___.
A. Thrax B. Priscian C. Saussrue D. Donatus
26 The earliest significant work in comparing
Languages was done by an Englishman ___
A. Bopp B. Jones C. Rask D. Lowth
27 The author of Cours de Linguistique Generale
is ___.
A. Donatus B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Chomsky
28 The author of Grammatical Cate4gories is ___.
A. Priscian B. Varro C. Donatus D. Thrax

29 Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally
dates from the of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de
Saussure.
A. Syntactic Structure B. Ars Minor
C. Cours de Linguistique Generale
30 Of the following lingustis, ___ should be
grouped into American School.
A. Sapir B. Firth C. Jakobson D. Hjelmslev
31 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
grouped into London School.
A. Firth B. Bloomfield C. Boas D. Trubetzkoy
32 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
grouped into Prague School.
A. Bloomfield B. Jakobson C. Firth D. Sapir

33 The Language of Britain was ___ when the
Romans invaded the land in 55 BC.
A. Norman French B. English C. Celtic D. Latin
34 ___ is the Language of Angles, Saxons and
Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.
A. Old Norse B. Celtic C. Middle English D. Old
English
35 ___ invasions established three major groups
in England Saxons, Angles and Jutes.
A. Germanic B. French C. Norman D. Roman
36 Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer was the
most memorable writing in the ___ period.

A. Late Modern B. Old English C. Early Modern D.
Middle English
37 The London speech that was illustrated by
Shakespeares writing was generally termed ___.
A. Old English B. Late Modern English
C. Middle English D. Early Modern English
38 ___ dictionary established a uniform standard
for English spelling and word use.
A. Johnsons B. Lowths C. Johns D. Firths
39 ___ century is considered to be the beginning
of Modern English.
A. 17th B. 19th C. Johns D. Firths

40 The great uniformity of Early Modern English
was the result of several major factors. Which of
the following should NOT be included?
A. Introduction of printing press. B. Great
Vowel Shift.
C. The spread of London dialect. D. The growing
literacy.
41 The first major new development in linguistics
until the 13 th century was ___ grammar.
A. structural B. speculative C. generative D.
traditional

42 In the ___ century, the idea that beneath the
differences all Languages are essentially the
same in nature surfaced again.
A. 13th B. 15th C. 18th D. 19th
43 The most recognizable differences between
American English and British English are in ___
and vocabulary.
A. structure B. grammar C. usage D.
pronunciation
44 Pitch variation is known as ___ when its
patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice
45. The phrarynx refers to the space of cavity
between the larynx and the end of the ___.
A. tongue B. hard plate C. soft palate D. vocal
cords

46 A sound pronounced with the vocal cords
vibrating is said to be a ___ sound.
A. resonant B. voiceless C. voiced D. consonant
7 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
48 Sounds are produced by the vibrations of
moving bodies. When the vibrations of one body
cause vibrations in another, we get the
phenomenon known as ___.
A. resonance B. consonant C. glottal stop D.
glide
49 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an
unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D.
allophones

50 The opening between the vocal cords is
sometimes referred to as ___.
A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
51 ___ is formed by a narrowing of the air
passage at some point so that the air in escaping
makes a kind of hissing sound.
A. A plosive B. A fricative C. An affricate D.
Laetrile

52 The sounds t and d are made with a closure of
the tongue with the upper gums or ___.
A. soft palate B. hard palate C. upper teeth D.
alveolar ridge
53 ___ are sounds articulated by the back of the
tongue against the soft palate.
A. Velars B. Labials C. Palatals C. Alveolars
54 The sounds s and z are the result of air
escaping under friction between the tongue and
___ before passing through the teeth.
A. hard palate B. uvula C. alveolar ridge soft
palate
55 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme

56 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
A. Consonantal B. Vowel C. Continuant D.
Voiceless
57 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
of the tongue from the neutral position.
A. Front B. Back C. Tense D. Lax
58 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
muscular effort in the lower jaw.
A. Nasal B. Lax C. Continuant D. tense
59 Saussure drew a distinction between ___ and
descriptive studies.
A. historical B. structural C. synchronic d.
prescriptive

60 ___ sounds are produced by maintaining the
airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
cavity).
A. Consonantal B. Back C. Continuant D. tense
61 A ___ consists of a vowel sound, either on its
own or in the company of one or more consonant
sounds.
A. syllable B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
62 ___ is a combination of a plosive and a
fricative.
A. A stop B. A palatal C. A rolled D. an
affricate
63 A group of two or more consonants together in
a syllable is called a(n) ___.
A. arresting cluster B. releasing cluster
C. consonant cluster D. syllable

64 In the case of vowel sounds, the ___ and the
mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
position of the tongue and lips.
A. nose B. larynx C. pharynx D. uvula
65 The vowel u in fud (food) is ____ vowel.
A. back B. front C. unrounded D. central
66 Vowels that are produced between the positions
for a from and back vowel are called ___ vowels.
A. open B. front C. central D. close
67 The vowel I in fid and u in fud
are both ___ vowels.
A. close B. open C. rounded D. unrounded

68 The vowel u in fu is a ___ vowel.
A. open front rounded B. open back rounded
C. close back unrounded D. close back round
69 The vowel I in fi is a ___ vowel.
A. close front unrounded B. close back unrounded
C. open front rounded D. close front rounded
70 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
from a more open position to a more closed
position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
a ___ diphthong.
A. narrow B. wide C. closing D. centering

71 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
speech remain in one position without moving to
another, the result is a ___.
A. pure vowel B. close vowel C. diphthong D.
closing diphthong
72 The diphthongs that are made with a movement
of the tongue towards the center are known as ___
diphthongs.
A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering
73 /ei/ and /ou/ are both ___ diphthongs.
A. centering B. wide C. narrow D. closing

74 the consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.
A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless alveolar
stop
C. voiced bilabial stop D. voiced alveolar stop
75 The consonant sound /v/ is described as ___.
A. voiceless labiodental fricative B. voiced
interdental fricative
C. voiced labiodental fricative D. voiced
affricate
76 Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound ___.
A . /n/ B. /h/ C. /w/ D./j/
77 The phoneme is an abstract ___ unit.
A. phonological B. phonetic C. phonic D.
grammatical
78 The sounds k and g are separate ___.
A. allophones B. phonemes C. morphemes D.
allomorphs

79 those who are interested primarily in
distinctive sounds are called ___.
A. polyglots B. polemicists C. phoneticians D.
grammarians
80 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called
___.
A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D.
allophones
81 ___ is the study of word formation and the
internal structure of words.
A. Semantics B. Syntax C. Morphology D.
Phonology
82 The most elemental grammatical units in a
Language are ___.
A. phones B. words C. morphemes D. phrases
83 The English word modernizers is composed of
___ morphemes.
A. four B. three C. two D. five

84 Morphemes that represent tense, number,
gender, case and so forth are called ___
morphemes.
A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
85 Morphemes that can occur unattached are
called ___ morphemes.
A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
86 Traditional grammarians began with ___
definition of the sentence and its components.
A. notional B. structural C. prescriptive D.
descriptive
87 ___ is a basic unit which combines function
and form.
A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Grammar D. Tagmeme

88 Many modern linguists have criticized
traditional grammarians for adopting a ___
approach to Language study.
A. analytical B. descriptive C. prescriptive D.
pedagogical
89 The structural grammar recognizes the
fundamental difference between ___ and function
words.
A. class form words B. class words C. form words
D. form class words

90 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
is used to define ___, which are taken as the
basic building blocks.
A. phonemes B. morphemes C. words D. syllables
91 The syntactic component provides the ___ for a
sentence.
A. lexicon B. structure C. meaning D. sound

92 ___ are the basic elementary sentences of the
Language, the stuff from which all else s made.
A. Simple sentences B. Transforms
C. Kernel sentences D. Complex sentences
93 Application of the transformational rules
yields ___ structure.
A. phrase B. deep C. prelexical D. surface

94 Transformational rules do not change the basic
___ of sentences.
A. meaning B. structure C. form D. sound pattern
95 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
phrases, and sentences is called___.
A. phonology B. morphology C. syntax D.
semantics

96 ___ are written identically but sound
differently.
A. Homographs B. Homophones C. Homonyms D.
Synonyms
97 Cold and hot are called ___ antonyms.
A. gradable B. complementary C. reversal D.
converse ness
98 Two words that are opposite in meaning are
called ___.
A. synonyms B. homonyms C. antonyms D.
homophones

99 ___ covers the study of Language use in
relation to context, and in particular the study
of linguistic communication.
A. Semantics B. pragmatics C. Sociolinguistics
D. Stylistics
100 Japanese is the only major Language that uses
___ writing system.
A. a syllabic B. a word-writing C. an alphabetic
D. a logograph

68
Evaluation Questions

Part I Knowledge in Linguistics
Section A Match
Directions Match each of the following linguists
in Column A with one of his linguistic views in
Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your
answer sheet. (15)
Column A
Column B
.C.K. Ogden I. A. Richards A. Relevance
Communication
and Cognition (1986)
.M. A. K. Halliday B. Syntactic Structures(1957)

.Malinowski C. The Language of the Chinese
Secrets History of the Mongols (1955)
.Firth D. How to Do Things With Words(1962)
.Boas E. A Course in Modern Linguistics(1958)
.Sapir F. Pragmatics and the Grammar of
Anaphor A Practical pragmatic
Reduction of Binding and Control
Phenomena
.L. Bloomfield G. Handbook of American India
Languages

.Harris H. Coral Gardens and Their Magic(1935)
.Hockett I. Toward a New Taxonomy for
Pragmatic Inference Q-based and R-
based Implicature(1984)
10. A. N. Chomsky J. Logic and Conversation
11. John. Langshaw Austin K. Language(1933)
12. Herbert Paul Grice L. Methods in Structural
Linguistics(1951)
13. Dan Sperber Deirdre Wilson M. Papers in
Linguistics(1957)
14. Laurence Horn N. The Meaning of Meaning(1923)
15. Stephen Levinson O. Language An Introduction
to the
Study of Speech

71
Section B Gap Filling

Directions Fill in each of the following 20
blanks with linguistic theories you acquire,
write your answer on the answer sheet. (20)
.The seven types of word meaning recognized by G.
Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative
meaning, social meaning, affective meaning,
reflected meaning, collocative meaning and _____.
.The desire features of Language are
arbitrariness, duality, creativity, and _____.
.The functions of Language includes informative,
interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic,
recreational and _____.

.The main branches of linguistics should include
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, _____
and pragmatics.
.The branches of macrolinguistics have
psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, _____, and
computational linguistics.
.Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be
divided into three main areas, which are _____,
acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.

.The present system of the IPA (International
phonetic Association) was
developed in the 1920s by the British
phonetician _____,who put forward cardinal
vowels , which are a set of vowel qualities
arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging.

.The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching
of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to
as _____.
.Eugene Nida (1964) claims that the five types of
sub-cultural communication is ecological culture,
linguistic culture, religious culture, material
cultural and _____.
._____ is the common factor underlying a set of
forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a
lexeme.

._____ studies the internal structure of words,
and the rules by which words are formed.
.Apart from compound and derivation, new words
and expressions are created by invention,
blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,
anological creation and _____.

.The formation of new pronunciation includes
factors as loss, addition, metathesis and _____.
.Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are
broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class
shift, _____ and orthographic change.
.The study of the rules governing the way words
are combined to form sentences in a Language or
the study of the formation of sentences is called
_____.

.The representative approaches to syntax are the
traditional approach, the structural approach,
the generative approach and _____.
.In Saussure's view, Language is a system of
signs, each of which consists of signified
(concept) and _____.

.The theory of meaning that relates the meaning
of a word to the thing it refers to or stands
for, is known as _____.
.For componential analysis or sematic components,
the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed
into Human, Adult and _____.
.For Halliday, learning Language is learning to
_____.

Part II Linguistic Theories
Section A Multiple Choice
Directions There are 20 incomplete statements
concerning linguistic theories, each with four
choices marked with A, B, C, and D. Choose the
one you think appropriate. Write your choice on
the answer sheet. (20)
The author of Semantics (1974) is______.
A. R. Firth
B. G. Leech
C. Bloomfield
D. N. Chomsky

.Of the following linguists, _____ should be
grouped into American Structuralism.
A. E. Sapire
B. R. Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday
D. K. Pike
.Communicative Dynamism (CD) is of _____ theory.
A. E. Sapire
B. R. Boas
C. B. Malinowski
D. J. Firbas

.Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist
_____, who is often described as father of
modern linguistics.
.L. Bloomfield
.N. Chomsky
.J. Lyons
.F. D. Saussure

.V. Mathesius (1882-1946) launched_____.
A. The Prague school (Circle of linguistics of
Prague)
B. The London School
C. The American Structuralism
D. The Systemic Grammar

The Prague school is best known for its
contribution to phonology and the distinction
between _____.
.phonetics and phonology
.performance and competence
.descriptive and prescriptive
.synchronic and diachronic

.The principle that the role of each utterance
part evaluated for its sematic
contribution is known as _____.
A. Trireme and Rheme
B. GSP, SSP. CSP
C. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)
D. Communicative Dynamism

43. The scholarship of the London school was
developed by _____.
.Malinowski-Firth-Halliday
.Firth-Malinowski-Halliday
.Malinowski-Halliday-Firth
.Firth-Halliday-Malinowski
44. The principal representative of American
descriptive linguistics is _____.
.L. Bloomfield
.E. Sapir
.L. Whorf
.R. Boas

45. Influenced by Bloomfield's Language, Z.
Harris, C. Hockett, G. Trager,
H.L. Smith, A. Hill. and R. Hall further
developed structuralism, known as
_____.
.Empiricism
.Post-Grecian developments
.American Structuralism
.Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics

46. The publication of _____ marked the beginning
of Chomskyan Revolution.
.Syntactic structures (1957)
.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)
.The Minimalist Program (1955)
.Minimalist Inquiries The Framework (1988)

47. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is
Chomskyan belief on Language as
_____.
.Generative grammar
.The innateness hypothesis
.The classical theory
.Hypothesis-deduction

48. Government and Binding mark the new period of
TG Grammar, and it
consists of X-bar Theory, ø-Theory, Bounding
Theory and _____.
A. Government Theory, Case Theory
B. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
Theory
C. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
Theory and Binding Theory
D. Relevance Theory
49. Developed in 1960s, The leading Figures of
Generative Semantics are J. R.

Ross and _____.
.G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
.G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley
.J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
.G. Lakoff, P. Postal
50. Cooperative Principle (CD) has categories of
Maxims as _____.
.Quality, Relation
.Quality, Quantity, Relation
.Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner
.Manner, Relation.

51. Types of syllabus include _____.
A. structural syllabus, situational syllabus
B. notional-functional syllabus, communicative
syllabus
C. fully communicative syllabus
D. all of A, B, and C
52. According to i 1 principle by Krashen,
input should be _____.

A. far beyond learners reach that they
overwhelmed
B. so close to learners current stage that they
are not challenged
C. just far enough beyond their current
competence they can understand
most of it, be challenged to more progress.
D. correct and reasonable.

53. InterLanguage is _____.
A. a Language system between target Language and
native Language
B. a Language system more or less like target
Language
C. a Language system more or less like mother
tongue
D. a newly created Language system
54. _____ regard errors as evidence of the
learning process.
.The structuralist View
.The post-structuralist view
.TG grammar
.InterLanguage

55. ____ assesses how much a learner has mastered
the contents of a particular course.
.An Achievement Test.
.Diagnostic Test
.Proficiency Test
.Aptitudes Test.

Section B Close
Directions Choose the right word from the
following list to fill in each of the blanks in
the passage. Write the corresponding letter on
your answer sheet. (10)
WORD LIST
A. utterances B. native C. writings D.
reinforcement
E. description F. method G. experienced H.
process
I. linguistics J. Behaviorism K. unique L.
innate
M. universal N. infants O. Knowledge P. argues
Q. study R. nature S. Acquisition T.
potentialities
1.
N. Chomsky believes that Language is somewhat
_____56, and

that children are born with what he calls a
Language _____57 Device (LAD), which is a _____58
kind of knowledge that fits them for Language
learning. He _____59 child comes into the world
with specific innate endowment, not only with
general tendencies or _____60, but also with
knowledge of the _____61 of Language. According
to this view, children are born with _____62 of
the basic grammatical relations and categories,
and this knowledge is _____63. The categories and
the relations exist in all human Language and all
human _____64 are born with knowledge of them.
According to him, the _____65 of Language, or the
structure of Language, can throw some light on
the nature of the human mind.

2.
For L. Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of
psychology, and specifically of the positivistic
brand of psychology known as _____66.
Behaviorism is a principle of scientific _____67,
based on the belief that human beings cannot know
anything they have not _____68. Behaviorism in
_____69 holds that children learn Language
through a chain of stimulus-response _____70,
and the adults use of Language is also a _____71
of stimulus-response. When the behaviorist
methodology entered linguistics via Bloomfields
_____72, the popular practice in linguistic
studies was to accept what a _____73 speaker says
in his Language and to discard what he says about
it. This is because of the belief that a
linguistic _____74 was reliable when based on
observation of unstudied _____75 by speakers.

Part III Term Translation
Directions Translate the following linguistic
terms into Chinese and English respectively. (8)
76. narrow transcription
77. Firthian phonology
78. inferential communication
79. loss of sound
80. metalinguistics
81. minimal attachment theory

82. mirror maxim
83. tu/vous distinction
84. ????
85. ????
86. ????
87. ??(??)
88. ????
89. ????
90. ??
91????

100

Part IV Short-answer Questions
Directions Explain each of the following
linguistic views in no more than 80 word. Write
your answers on the answer sheet. (15)
92. Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
93. TGs stages of development and the main
features
94. Post-Gricean Development

101

Part V Essay Question
Directions Develop ONE of the following topics
into a 200-300-word essay.(15 )
95-1
The theory of communicative competence and its
significance in Language learning and teaching.
95-2
Transformational-generative linguistics and its
significance in Language learning and teaching.

102

95-3
Functional linguistics and its significance in
Language learning and teaching.
95-4
Input and Language learning

103
Key to the Questions

Part I
35X135
1___N__2__C___3__H___4__M___5_G____6_O___7_K__8_L_
__9__E___10_B 11__D___12_J__13__A___14___I__15__F_
_
16 thematic meaning 17 displacement 18
metalingual 19 semantics
20 anthropological linguistics 21 articulatory
phonetics 22 Daniel Jones
23 Received Pronunciation (RP) 24 social culture
25 word

104

26 Morphology 27 borrowing 28 assimilation 29
folk etymology 30the referential theory
31 the functional approach 32 signifier (sound
image)
33referential theory 34 female 35mean

105

Part II
A 20X120
36__A__37___A__38__D__ 39__D__ 40__A__
41___A___42__C____43__A____44__A___45__D_
46__A__47_B__ 48__C___49__A___50__C___51___D__
52___C__ 53__A___ 54__B__ 55___A_
B 20X0.510
56__L__57__S__58__K___ 59__P___ 60__T___61__R__
62__O____63__M___64__N__ _65__Q_
66_J___67__J___68__G___ 69__I___ 70__D___71___H__
72__C__ _73__B___ 74__E___ 75__A__

106

Part III
16X0.58
76 ???? 77?????? 78???? 79 ???? 80????
81?????? 82 ???? 83 ?/???
84 women register 85 pidgin 86 prepositional
calculus 87inflection 88 speech perception 89
phonological variant
90solodarity 91 semantic triangle
Part IV
3X515

107

92 Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our
Language will mould our view of the world. It has
been developed into strong version and weak
version. The strong version of the theory refers
to the claim the original hypothesis suggests,
emphasizing the decisive role of Language as the
shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version
suggests that there is a correlation between
Language, culture and society.

108

93. TGs stages of development and the main
features
From its birth to the present day, TG has seen
five stages of development. The Classical Theory
aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard
Theory deals with how semantics should be studied
in a linguistic theory. The extended Standard
Theory focuses discussion on Language universals
and universal grammar. The revised Extended
Standard Theory (GB) focuses discussion on
government and biding. The lastest is the
Minimalist Program, a further revision of the
previous theory.
Main features of TG Grammar
Chomskys TG Grammar differs from the structural
grammar in a number of ways
)Rationalism

109

)innateness
)deductive methodology
)emphasis on interpretation
)formalization
)emphasis on linguistic competence
)strong generative powers
)emphasis on linguistic universals
94. Post-Gricean Developments
Post-Gricean Developments refers to the studies
after H.P. grices theory of conversational
implicature. It mainly refers to three ideas.

110

.The relevance theory, proposed by Dan Sperber
and Deirdre Wilson. (They believe that all
Gricean maxims, including the CP should be
reduced to a single principle of relevance, which
is Every aspect of ostensive communication
communicates the presumption of its own optimal
relevance.)
.The Q-and R-principles developed by Laurence
Horn.
.The Q-, I- and M-principles, suggested by
Stephen Levision.