Chapter 16: The Ferment of Reform and Culture

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Chapter 16 The Ferment of Reform and Culture

• (1790-1860)

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Religious Revivalism

• Church attendance were regular in 1850(3/4 pop)
• Some relied on Deism (reason rather revelation)
  rejected original sin, denied Christs divinity
• The Deists believed in supreme being that created
  universe

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Spinoff of Deism

• Puritans of the past now-Unitarian faith (New
  Eng.)
• God existed in only 1 person not in orthodox
  trinity stressed goodness of human nature
• Belief in free will salvation through good
  work pictured God as loving father
• Appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism
  optimism conflicted with hellfire Calvinism and
  Predestination doctrines

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Liberalism in religion started in 1800

• Tidal wave of spiritualism that resulted in
  countless converted souls
• Church reform
• Womens movement
• Abolishment of slavery
• This Second Great Awakening was brought to
  people on the frontier via camp meetings

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Peter Cartwright

• Peter Cartwright-best known of circuit riders
  or traveling frontier preacher

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Charles Grandison Finney

• Greatest of revival preachers
• Led massive revivals in Rochester New York

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The Birth of the Mormons

• Joseph Smith claimed to receive golden plates
  from an angel
• When deciphered they constituted the book of the
  Mormons
• Antagonism toward Mormons for polygamy, voting as
  a unit

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• Smith died but succeeded by Brigham Young who led
  followers to Utah
• Religion grew quickly by 1850s by birth
  immigration from Euro
• Federal gov. marched to Utah when Young became
  govnr. But no bloodshed
• Polygamy prevented Utah entrance to US till 1896
  This was the biggest issue for others.

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Problems of Public Education

• Originally schools were not supported by the
  mainstream population
• They had the idea of pauperism which means they
  existed to educate the children of the poor
• However in time people realized it was important
  for all to get an education
• They wanted all people to be educated voters

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• Free public education, triumphed in 1825 w/ vote
  power in Jackson election
• First Teachers were very ill-trained until the
  amount of colleges increased
• 1st state supported university in N. Carolina

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Women in Education

• Women thought to be bad if too educated
• Womens place in the home?
• Training in needlecraft was more important than
  training in algebra
• Too much learning would injure the feminine
  brain, undermine their health, and render a lady
  unfit for marriage
• The teacher of Susan B. Anthony the future
  feminist refused to instruct her in long division
• Libraries, public lectures, and magazines began
  to flourish

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Americas Drinking Problem

• Drunkenness was widely spread
• Due to Custom and hard monotonous lifestyles pgs.
  329-330
• American Temperance Society Forms
• Implored people to sign temperance pledges
• Temperance crusaders made effective use of
  pictures, pamphlets, and lurid lecturers
• Some of these people were reformed drunkards

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TemperanceBanner
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Feminist Movement Begins

• Mans World at this time
• Like slaves women could not vote
• Women could be beaten by their overlord (husband)
  with a reasonable instrument
• Woman fared better here than Europe at this time.
  Example Rape in Europe had a light punishment,
  whereas in America it was punishable by death

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• Women such as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Stanton,
  Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret
  Fuller were all influential in the early feminist
  movement
• The crusade for womens rights would be included
  with the campaign against slavery.

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Chapter 16

• The South and the Slavery Controversy
• 1793 1860

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Cottons Is King!

• Before the 1793 invention of Eli Whitneys cotton
  gin, slavery was a dying business
• Since the South was burdened with depressed
  prices, unmarketable goods, and over-cropped
  lands
• There was even talk among Southern leaders
  including Thomas Jefferson about releasing their
  slaves

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Europe and Cotton

• The North also transported the cotton to England
  and the rest of Europe,
• Europe was in part responsible for the slave
  trade as well.
• The South produced more than half the worlds
  supply of cotton
• The South held and advantage over countries like
  England, an industrial giant, which needed cotton
  to make cloth

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• The South believed that England was very
  dependent on them
• Also if civil war was to ever break out, England
  would support the South that it so heavily
  depended on

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The Planter Aristocracy

• In 1850, only 1733 families owned more than 100
  slaves each
• They were the wealthy aristocracy of the South,
  with big houses and huge plantations.
• The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between
  the rich and the poor
• They hampered public-funded education by sending
  their children to private schools

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Benefits for Women in the South

• Mistresses of the house commanded a sizable
  household of mostly female slaves
• These Slaves cooked, sewed, cared for the
  children, and washed things
• Mistresses could be kind or cruel
• All of them did at one point or another abuse
  their slaves to some degree there was no
  perfect mistress.

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Slaves of the Slave System

• Due to overuse of the land in the south cotton
  producers were always looking for new land.
• Slaves were valuable, but they were also a
  gamble, since they might run away or be killed by
  disease

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• Southerners resented the Northerners growing fat
  (getting rich) at their expense while they were
  dependent on the North for clothing, other food,
  and manufactured goods
• The South repelled immigrants from Europe, who
  went to the North, making it richer

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The White Majority

• Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that
  owned one or two or a small family of slaves
• Only a handful of southern whites lived in large
  mansions.
• Beneath these people were the slaveless whites
  that raised corn and hogs,
• They sneered at the rich cotton snobocracy and
  lived simply and poorly

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• Some of the poorest were known as poor white
  trash, hillbillies, and crackers.
• It is now known that these people werent lazy,
  just sick, suffering from malnutrition and
  parasites like hookworm

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Free Blacks Slaves Without Masters

• By 1860, free Blacks in the South numbered about
  250,000
• In the deep South, they were usually mulattoes
  (Black mother, White father who was usually a
  master) freed when their masters died
• Many owned property a few owned slaves
  themselves

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• Free Blacks were prohibited from working in
  certain occupations and forbidden from testifying
  against whites in court
• In the North, free Blacks were also unpopular, as
  several states denied their entrance
• Most denied them the right to vote and most
  barred them from public schools.

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• Northern Blacks were especially hated by the
  Irish, with whom they competed for jobs
• Antiblack feeling was stronger in the North,
  where people liked the race but not the
  individual, than in the South, were people liked
  the individual but not the race

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Plantation Slavery

• Although slave importation was banned in 1808,
  smuggling of them continued due to their high
  demand
• People still risked smuggling even though it
  carried a death sentence.
• However, the slave increase (4 million by 1860)
  was mostly due to their natural reproduction

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• To planters slaves were an investment
• Thus they were treated better and more kindly
• These slaves were spared the most dangerous jobs,
  like putting a roof on a house or draining a
  swamp
• Usually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of
  work

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• Breeding slaves was not encouraged but it did
  happen
• Some were promised freedom after ten children
  born

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Slave Auctions

• Brutal situation
• Slaves being inspected like animals
• Families often mercilessly separated
• Harriet Beecher Stowe seized the emotional power
  of this scene in her Uncle Toms Cabin.

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Life Under the Lash

• Slave life varied from place to place, but for
  slaves everywhere, life meant
• hard work
• no civil or political rights
• whipping if orders werent followed

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• Laws that tried to protect slaves were difficult
  to enforce
• Lash beatings werent that common, since a master
  could lower the value of his slave if he whipped
  him too much
• Forced separation of spouses, parents and
  children seem to have been more common in the
  upper South, among smaller plantations

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The Burdens of Bondage

• Slaves had no dignity, were illiterate, and had
  no chance of achieving the American dream
• They also devised countless ways to make trouble
  without getting punished to badly
• They worked as slowly as they could without
  getting lashed
• They stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment
  
• Occasionally, they poisoned their masters food

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