The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Birane Ndiaye Mai

1
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

• Birane Ndiaye
• Mai Nguyen
• Brian Wada
• Period 4

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Renaissance Ideals

• Humanist Ideology
• individualism
• great potential of human beings
• Study of ancient languages
• By 1500, virtually all significant ancient Roman
  and Greek texts were translated and printed
•  

3
Causes of the Reformation

• Renaissance Ideals
• Corruption in the Church
• John Wycliffe
• Jan Hus
• Martin Luther 
• Ulrich Zwingli

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John Wycliffe

• The "Morning Star of the Reformation"
• Believed in separation of church and state
• One of the earliest opponents of papal authority
  influencing secular power
• Advocated the translation of the Bible into the
  common tongue
• 1382 Translated the Bible from Latin into the
  vernacular English

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Jan Hus

• Burned at the stake for advocating heretical
  views of Church theology (Ecclesiology)
• Heresy was a criminal offense
• Key predecessor to the Protestant Reformation of
  the 16th c.
• Strongly influenced Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

• Germanic Monk
• October 31, 1517 Posted Ninety-Five Theses on
  the Power of Indulgences on the church door at
  Wittenberg castle
• attacked the teachings of the Catholic Church
• condemned the selling of indulgences
• The Printing Press of Johann Gutenberg helped
  circulate Luther's theses
• Translated and published the New Testament in
  German (1522)

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Ulrich Zwingli

• Lived from 1484-1531 in Switzerland
• Similar views to Luther except that he believed
  that the Eucharist was completely symbolic
• Denounced indulgences, the Mass, clerical
  celibacy, and monasticism
• Believed that if the Old or New Testament did not
  explicitly say something, then no Protestant
  should believe or practice it

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Corruption in The Church

• Priests at the parish level were often poor,
  illiterate, and had vices that broke church
  doctrine
• Frequent crimes of the clergy
• Pluralism holding more than one position in the
  church
• Absenteeism seldom or never residing in the
  place of their position, often because they held
  too many positions
• Simony buying or selling of church offices
• Nepotism giving church positions to family
  members or friends
• Restricted usury but sold indulgences

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Indulgences

• Indulgences papal pardons for sins
• People would give money to the Church to be
  granted forgiveness of a sin or to guarantee the
  passing of the soul of a loved one into heaven
• Pope Leo X allowed mainly Friar John Tetzel to
  sell indulgences to raise funds for the
  construction of St. Peter's Basilica

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The Reformation
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Beginnings in Germany by Luther

•  

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Spread of Reformation
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Diet of Worms

• January 28 -  May 25, 1521 The Imperial Estates
  of the HRE meet in a series of diets (or
  Reichstags) to discuss Martin Luther and the
  affects of the Protestant Reformation
• The Hapsburgs tells Luther to take back his
  teachings --gt Luther refuses
• Emperor Charles V writes the Edict of Worms,
  excommunicating Luther

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Edict of Worms (May 25, 1521)

• The Edict declared Luther to be an obstinate
  heretic and banned the reading or possession of
  his writings.
• For this reason we forbid anyone from this time
  forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to
  receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said
  Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be
  apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic,
  as he deserves, to be brought personally before
  us, or to be securely guarded until those who
  have captured him inform us, whereupon we will
  order the appropriate manner of proceeding
  against the said Luther. Those who will help in
  his capture will be rewarded generously for their
  good work. Emperor Charles V
• Luther was supported and sheltered by Frederick
  of Saxony for political and economic reasons

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Lutheranism Protestantism

• Salvation by faith alone, not by good works
• Sola Scriptura the word of God (the Bible) was
  the highest and final authority
• God initiates salvation people could not choose
  to be saved
• People are saved by God's arbitrary decision
• Good works and sacraments do not earn salvation

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Lutheranism Protestantism (cont.)

• New view on baptism
• Opposed transubstantiation, promoted
  consubstantiation
• Consubstantiation the body and blood of Christ
  are spiritually present "in, with, and under the
  forms" of the bread and wine after consecration
  but the bread and wine are not physically
  transformed
• The Heidelberg Catechism (1563) a complete
  Protestant confessional document teaching
  Reformed Christian doctrine

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Luther's Baptism

• Baptism "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from
  death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation
  to all who believe this, as the words and
  promises of God declare."
• A "means of grace" through which God creates and
  strengthens "saving faith"
• Adults can be baptized too, to be reborn

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Peasant's Revolt

• Peasants in the Germanic territories faced
  economic hardships
• Peasant War (1524-1525) a petition by the German
  peasants to the HRE. The peasants asked the HRE
  to abolish "cattle tithes," abolish the death
  tax, preserve all "common fields, forests and
  waters" for use by the peasants, and allow
  peasants to hunt on the common lands and fish in
  the common waters
• The HRE ignored the peasants' petition, sparking
  rebellion in the German provinces
• Peasants burned more than 40 German monasteries
  and castles
• Luther did not support the rebellion

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Anabaptist

• Begins in 1525
• Believed in adult baptism, pacifism, polygamy,
  the denial of civic responsibility and the
  rejection of a "state church"
• Greatly hated by Catholics and Lutherans 
• Viewed as dangerous and widely attacked

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Calvinism

• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
• Agreed with Luther's theory of salvation by
  faith, not works
• Viewed the Eucharist as completely symbolic
• Believed in predestination
• Rejected all rituals and adornments
• founded the reformed church in Geneva
• Calvinism spread throughout Europe

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The Peace of Augsburg

• September 25, 1555
• Established Cuius regio, eius religion ("Whose
  realm, his religion") each Germanic prince was
  allowed to choose the religion for their
  individual area
• Basically legalized Lutheranism
• Did not accept Calvinism

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English Reformation

• Politically motivated
• Lollards were early followers of Lutheranism
• Henry VIII wanted the Pope to grant him divorce
  so he could produce an heir but the Pope refused
• England broke from the Catholic Church (1534)
• Anglicanism

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English Reformation (cont.)

• 1534 Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy
• The King of England is the head of the new Church
  of England
• King Henry VIII's three children
• Edward VI Protestant
• Tudor Mary (Bloody Mary) Roman Catholic
• Elizabeth I Politique Protestant

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Social Impacts of the Reformation

• Protestants established schools to teach the
  Bible to all children
• Women gained more rights because Luther said that
  all vocations had equal merit before God
• Prostitution increased as a declaration of a
  woman's independence
• The home became the center of morals and gentler
  virtues

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Summary of Catholic vs. Protestant Beliefs

• Protestant
• Salvation by faith alone
• Predestination (Calvinism)
• Supported only 2 or 3 Sacraments
• Vernacular Scripture
• Consubstantiation (Lutheranism) and Calvinist
  view on the Eucharist
• "Priesthood of all believers" - everyone is equal
  before God
• No celibacy

• Catholic
•  Salvation by faith and works
• Seven Sacraments
• Latin Vulgate the only acceptable scripture
  translation
• Transubstantiation
• Indulgences, relics, saints, pilgrimages
• Religious hierarchy
• Union of Church and State

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The Counter-Reformation

•  

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Counter-Reformation

• The Catholic Church's attempt to counter the
  Protestant movement
• 1534 Paul III becomes Pope Loyola founds the
  Jesuits
• Council of Trent (1545-1563) held to reaffirm
  and refocus Catholic doctrine
• Forbade the sale of indulgences, pluralism, and
  simony
• Justification by faith and works
• Confirmation of the seven sacraments belief in
  transubstantiation
• Vulgate Bible
• Clerical celibacy
• Retention of pilgrimages, saints, pilgrimages,
  monasticism, indulgences, and relics
• http//player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?gui
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  romSearch1productcodeUS

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Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• The Catholic Church found new seminaries to
  redeem their teaching
• Ignatius Loyola's Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
  sought missionary endeavors, traveling to
  colonies to convert natives
• 1580 Restoration of the Roman Catholic Church in
  England under Queen Tudor Mary I (Bloody Mary)
• Index list of prohibited books

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Roman Inquisition

• a revival of the medieval court that tried
  heretics and punished the guilty, sanctioned by
  the Church
• simony and indulgences uprooted
• standardized worship
• reorganized church law
• new educational requirements for priests
• reformed orders
• scrutinized clergy 

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Baroque Art

• From Portugues "barocca" (irregular-shaped pearl)
• Extravagant, dramatic style
• Emotional and impressive
• Catholic Church supported Baroque art in its
  Cathedrals
• Artistic expression of Christ, Virgin Mary and
  saints to promote piety Adoration,
  Peter Paul Rubens
• Trevi Fountain in Rome

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The Religious Wars(1559-1684)

• Hapsburg-Valois War (c. 15119-1559) mostly
  political and over territory between different
  religions
• Spain's Catholic Crusade to re-establish
  Catholicism in Europe under King Philip II
• Dutch revolt in the Netherlands for Calvinism
  and against the Spanish Inquisition. United
  Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic)
  created in 1581
• English vs. Spain (1558-1588) Elizabeth I
  restored Protestantism to England and denied
  Spanish Philip II
• Spanish Armada is crushed, marking Spain's decline

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The Religious Wars (cont.)(1559-1684)

•  French Civil Wars to claim Henry II's throne
  (the era of Catholic Catherine de Medici in
  France)
• St. Bartholomew Day Massacre (August 24, 1572)
  Catherine de Medici ordered 20,000 Huguenots
  killed
• Initiated the War of the Three Henrys between
  Valois, Guise and Bourbons
• Catholic Henry IV or France brings the era of
  Politiques
• "Paris is worth a mass"
• Religious rights granted to Huguenots and private
  Calvinists

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Murder of Gaspard de Coligny
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One morning at the gates of the Louvre, by
 Édouard Debat-Ponsan
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The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

• Location The Holy Roman Empire
• Originally religious, then became political
• Four major phases Bohemian, Danish, Swedish,
  French Phases

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Four Phases of the 30 Years' War

• Bohemian Phase Protestant vs. Catholic forces.
  Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia
• Danish Phase Edict of Restitution (1629) allowed
  Huguenots to worship privately
• Swedish Phase mostly political. Swedish king
  Gustavus Adolphus forced Catholicism back into
  Bohemia, though short-lived. The Swedish army is
  defeated and the Holy Roman Empire annuls the
  Edict of Restitution
• French Phase "International Phase." Cardinal
  Richelieu allies with the Protestants and they
  defeat the Holy Roman Empire

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Peace of Westphalia

• May 15, 1648
• Ended the Thirty Years' War and Catholic
  reformation in Germany
• Renewed the Peace of Augsburg but added tolerance
  of Calvinism
• Guaranteed the political and religious division
  of Germany/the HRE
• The Netherlands and Switzerland gained
  independence from Spain (ended their 80 Years'
  War)
• Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs weakened
• France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territory

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Results of the Thirty Years' War

• German population is destroyed (1/3 perishing)
• The Holy Roman Empire falls
• Marks the beginning of France's rise to world
  power and Great Britain's and the Netherlands'
  rise also

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Decentralization of Central Europe
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English Civil War(1642-1651)

• Between Parliament (Roundheads) and Royalists, or
  supporters of King Charles I II (Cavaliers)
• King Charles I believed in "Divine Right" and in
  the Anglican Church
• Charles I dissolved Parliament
• Roundheads/New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell
• Charles I loses in 1649 and is beheaded in 1649

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Works Cited

• http//www.reformation.org/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_civil_war
• http//history-world.org/reformation_and_counter_r
  eformat.htm
• http//www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-hi
  story/martin-luther.html
• http//www.wsu.edu/dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM
• http//www.pipeline.com/cwa/TYWHome.htm
• http//www.unitedstreaming.com