BIOLOGY 1407

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BIOLOGY 1407 CHAPTER 31
KINGDOM FUNGI AND LICHENS
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KINGDOM FUNGI

• Multicellular
• Mostly terrestrial
• Absorptive heterotrophic nutrition.
• Parasitic, saprophytic or mutualistic.
• Chitin cell walls.
• Do not produce flagellated cells.
• Septate (divided by cross walls)and
• non septate (no cross walls) hyphae.
• Vegetative thallus haploid, mycelium

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Fungi as Decomposers
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Fungal Mycelium
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Hyphae
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Predatory Fungi
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Hyphae
Non-Septate
Septate
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Fungal Life Cycle
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Fungal Diversity
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Fungal Diversity
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Phylum Chytridiomycota

• Flagellated Zoospores and Gametes
• Absorptive Nutrition
• Chitin Cell Walls
• Most Produce Hyphae
• Metabolism Similar to True Fungi
• Primitive Fungi
• Retain Flagella

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Phylum Chytridiomycota
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PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA

• Coenocytic thallus with nonseptate hyphae.
• Form endomycorrhizal associations
• with thousands of vascular plants.
• Asexual reproduction - upright
• sporangiophore with a sac-like
• sporangium at the tip.
• Sexual reproduction by conjugation
• and zygospore formation, no fleshy
• fruiting bodies.
• Black bread mold - Rhizopus stolonifera

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Rhizopus stolonifera Life Cycle
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Rhizopus
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Rhizopus Sexual reproduction
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Microsporidia

• Unicellular
• Parasites of Animals and Protists
• Very Unusual Mitochondria
• Molecular Evidence Suggest that they are
  Zygomycota
• Parasitic Lifestyle

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PHYLUM GLOMEROMYCOTA

• Previously With Zygomycota
• Small Monophyletic Clade
• Endomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
• Produce branching Arbuscules

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PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

• 30,000 species.
• Sac or cup fungi.
• Perforated cross walls or septa.
• Produce dikaryotic hyphae during
• the life cycle.
• Sexual reproduction involves
• the formation of an ascocarp with
• elongate cells (asci, ascus singular)
• that produce ascospores.

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PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

• Three types of ascocarps are produced.
• Apothecium - Cup like shape.
• Perithecium - Flask like shape.
• Cleistothecium - Globose, no opening.
• Asci make up the inner lining of the
• ascocarps.
• Asexual reproduction by the production
• of conidiospores (spores that bud
• from the tip of the hypha).
• Conidiophore
• Many parasitic ie. Chestnut blight, Truffles,
  yeast

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PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
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PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA
Ascocarps
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Ascomycota Types
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Aspergillua
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Ascomycota - Structure
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Ascospores
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PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA

• 25,000 species.
• Some have very complex life cycles.
• Basidium - Club shaped terminal cell
• that produces sexual spores.
• Basidiospores - Sexual spores.
• Asexual spores are not conidia.
• Many have dolipore septa.
• Produce dikaryotic cells.
• Mushrooms, bracket and shelf fungi,
• smuts and rust, polyporous fungi.

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Basidiomycota Types
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PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA
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PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA
Basidiospores
Basidium
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Mushrooms
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Basidiospores
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PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA No Longer Exist

• 22,000 species.
• Saprophytic, parasitic and
• predatory.
• Many produce conidia and appear
• to be ascomycetes, but have no
• sexual phase.
• Fusarium wilt of tomato, potato
• and cotton.
• Athletes foot, ring worm

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FUNGI IN THE ENVIRONMENT

• Decomposers
• Plant Diseases
• Lichens
• Crustose
• Foliose
• Fruticose
• Mycorrhizae
• Endo and Ecto

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Lichen Anatomy
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LICHENS
Crusrose
Fruticose
Foliose
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Mycorrhizae
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FUNGI HUMAN IMPACT
Fermentation Antibiotics Food Processing Food Plan
t Disease Animal Disease Agricultural Diseases