The Maasai, and their close cousins, the Samburu

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Africa
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• Worlds second largest continent
• Home to the worlds longest river, the Nile
  River
• Mount Kilimanjaro A volcano and Africas
  highest mountain
• The Sahara - the largest desert in the world
• Rich in minerals
• Gold, Platinum, Diamonds, Copper

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East Africa

• Cradle of humanity
• Large number of prehistoric remains found in
  this region
• Area where early civilizations developed
• Aksum emerged in 100 AD as an important trading
  center

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Colonization

• Berlin Conference 1884-1885
• 14 European nations laid down rules for dividing
  Africa
• A claim was made by telling the other nations
  and by showing that they had control
• Set boundaries with no regard to ethnic or
  linguistic groups
• Root cause of the political violence and ethnic
  conflicts of today
• Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free

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Colonization

• By the 1970s, most of East Africa gained its
  independence from Europe.
• Internal disputes and civil wars were serious
  problems because European colonial powers had not
  prepared East African nations for independence

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The Masaia major ethnic group of East Africa
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Maasai People

• Indigenous peoples of Kenya
• Nomadic pastoralists people who exist off the
  land
• Patriarchal society guidance and wisdom come
  from older males
• Live in the Great Rift Valley continental
  plates that have moved apart from one another

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Maasai People

• Live in temporary villages, or manyattas
• Huts surrounded by a thorn fence for protection
• Fierce warriors and lion killers skilled with the
  bow and arrow

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Maasai Men

• At the time of circumcision, around 12-15 years,
  males are initiated as morani, or young warriors
• As morani, they wander from the village, keeping
  watch over the livestock, and defend the tribe
  against enemies
• The boys color their skin red and braid their
  colored hair intricately

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Maasai Men

• In order to be considered a man, they must hunt a
  lion with only a spear
• The young Maasai warriors live together in a boma
  a group of Maasai boys journey towards manhood

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Maasai Men

• They remain warriors for about 15 years
• Pass through another set of rituals, enuoto,
  which confers elder status
• They may then
• Marry
• Have children
• Considered an elder
• Own cattle

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Maasai MenVertical and Chanting Kings

• Chanting and jumping was developed as a way of
  intimidating lions
• Leaping and chanting is now used to
• Relax
• Attract women
• Get hype
• Before hunting and battle

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Grazers

• Lives revolve around herding cattle
• Believe that God entrusted His cattle to them
• They measure their wealth by the number of cattle
  they acquire
• In the evening the livestock are brought inside
  for protection

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Maasai Women

• Women do much of the work in the manyatta
• Caring and teaching of the children
• Building and decorating huts
• Making clothing
• Milk the cows and fetch water (sometimes 36
  miles)
• Clean the insides of the kraal (corral)

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Maasai Women

• Circumcision of the women is required
• They are allowed to
• Scream and kick as long as they do not kick the
  knife
• Infection is said to be rare

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North Africa
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West Africa
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Central Africa
The Slave Trade
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Central Africa
The Slave Trade

• In the 1400s Europeans wanted slaves for their
  plantations
• African merchants traded slaves for guns and
  other goods
• Slavery existed in Africa already but with key
  differences
• wasnt lifelong
• wasnt racial
• wasnt necessarily for labor

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Colonization

• King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the
  Congo
• In the 1800s and 1900s Belgians and the French
  colonized central Africa
• disrupted long-standing systems of government
• did not consider ethnic regions
• grouped traditional enemies together
• loss of resources
• cultural and ethnic oppression
• When finally given independence Central Africa
  was left in disarray

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Southern Africa
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• In 1948 the white minority government of South
  Africa instituted a policy of apartheid, or
  complete separation of the races
• Banned social contact
• Established segregated schools, hospitals, and
  neighborhoods
• Best land went to whites
• Imprisoned those who fought against it
  including Nelson Mandela
• Ended in 1989
• Nelson Mandela became the first black president
  in 1994
• 1996 a new democratic constitution was passed

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Issues in Africa

• HIV/AIDS
• Sub-Saharan Africa, which has only 10 of the
  worlds population, has 70 of the worlds HIV/AIDS
  infected population. 80 of AIDS deaths, and 90
  of AIDS orphans.
• In 2000, AIDS took the lives of 3 million people
  world wide, 2.4 million of them lived in
  Sub-Saharan Africa
• UNAIDS estimates that 4.63 billion is needed to
  fight AIDS in Africa

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• Why?
• Poverty
• Social Norms
• Lack of effective institutions

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• ShunnedGertrude combs her hair outside her shack
  in Durban. "When I developed shingles the family
  realized that I had AIDS and kicked me out," she
  said. "I had nowhere to live so Theresa, a
  home-care volunteer, helped me to build this
  shack where I live by myself."

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• Breaking the silenceNomhlahla Zungu bathes her
  daughter Nomfuno both are HIV positive.
  Nomhlahla said, "My mother at first did not want
  me to disclose my status in public as she had
  heard that if it was known within the community I
  might be killed. But they are not being hostile
  to me. Perhaps many of them know or worry that
  they might be positive as well."

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• Limited resourcesMzokhona Malevu, 29, who is HIV
  positive, lives with his 21-member family in a
  two-room squatter shack. Mzokhona said, "I was
  given some drugs which make me feel better, but I
  cannot afford to buy anymore. I have heard that
  in overseas countries the government provides
  drugs and food free for people with AIDS, but
  here in South Africa, there is nothing now. I am
  unhappy that I live in South Africa and have to
  die."

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• A surrogate familyCaring for the many children
  orphaned by AIDS stretches the resources of
  extended family, neighbors and institutions.
  These children live in the Durban orphanage, in a
  special unit set up to give orphans with AIDS
  intensive care.

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• AIDS educationA child, orphaned by AIDS, battles
  the disease herself. She does her homework in a
  special unit of the Durban orphanage which
  specializes in caring for children with AIDS. In
  Zimbabwe alone, 86,000 children have lost
  teachers as a result of AIDS.

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• Too young to dieA baby in the terminal stages of
  AIDS is watched over by its grandmother in the
  childrens' ward of Nquelezana hospital. Of the
  11.5 million people who have already died from
  AIDS, a quarter of the dead were children.

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• Not a curseQueen Ntuli, a traditional Zulu
  healer, points with her divining stick at the
  shells and bones she reads to advise clients.
  Some traditional healers claim they can cure
  AIDS, but Queen Ntuli says that is because they
  don't understand the disease. So she has started
  educating fellow healers and clients about the
  dangers of AIDS. "I must start at the point that
  people accept AIDS as AIDS and not a curse," she
  said.

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• Scared to lookA grandmother cannot bear to look
  as her granddaughter, who has AIDS, is drip fed
  at Nquelezana Hospital. In the region nearly 30
  percent of pregnant mothers are testing HIV
  positive.

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Issues in Africa
The Orphan Pandemic
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The Orphan Pandemic

• 9,600 people die of AIDS a day in Africa
• 13 million orphans in Africa
• Most of these children do not have AIDS but are
  in danger of
• Slavery
• Starvation
• Childhood diseases
• Forced into prostitution

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The Orphan Pandemic

• As a result of the AIDS epidemic orphans are
  quickly outgrowing their resources
• Uganda has over 500,000
• Zambia has over 650,000
• Kenya has over 700,000
• Botswana has over 800,000
• Zimbabwe has close to one million

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The Orphan Pandemic

• By the end of this decade it would take 80,000
  orphanages, holding 500 orphans each, just to
  house the children orphaned by AIDS in Africa
  alone. (40,000,000) Time Magazine

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The Orphan Pandemic

• Within a five-mile radius in sparsely populated
  southern Zimbabwe, there were 600 children found
  without parents. In many households, the oldest
  living person was 10 years old. Time Magazine

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Assignment

• Should the AIDS epidemic affect you as an
  individual why or why not?
• Does the United States of America have a
  responsibility to do something about the AIDS
  epidemic why or why not?
• Identify two possible solutions to the orphan
  situation.