The Great Depression: Before

1
The Great Depression Before Beyond

• Causes Effects of Two World Wars and Everything
  In-Between

2
Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Progressive Reform World War I
• The Roaring 20s
• The Stock Market Crash The Great Depression
• World War II Japanese Internment Camps
• The Cold War, Korea Vietnam
• Conclusion
• References

3
Introduction

• Major events such as World Wars I and II, the
  Stock Market Crash of 1929, etc. are the result
  of many changes happening all at once.
• Often, groups of people are unhappy with the way
  others are running an organization or even a
  country, and the result is reform.
• Change can be violent or peaceful, gradual or all
  at once. It can affect different people in many
  different ways.

4
Progressive Movement

• The Progressive Era of the early 20th century was
  a collection of many different movements, all
  centered around making America a better and
  safer place to live (The Learning Page, 2002a),
  and to decrease the widespread political
  corruption (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p.
  130) in the country.
• U.S. Constitution made Amendments giving women
  the right to vote, establishing federal income
  tax, and creating a policy where the people
  elected U.S. Senators (as opposed to simply being
  appointed by the government.)

5
Prohibition

• This was an attempt to make illegal (prohibit)
  the production and sale of all alcoholic drinks
  in the United States.
• Reasons Alcohol was responsible for much of the
  abuse of women and children it was responsible
  for much crime and it wasted money that could
  have been used for food (Green Carlson, 2005,
  p. 130).

6
18th Amendment

• This made alcohol illegal all over the U.S.
• Americans did not take the ban seriously. British
  Columbia rumrunners smuggled in liquor, since
  it was still legal north of the border. Alcohol
  was consumed in private clubs/road houses, called
  blind pigs, since police (pigs) were bribed
  to turn a blind eye to alcohol consumption.
• 1933 Prohibition repealed after 14 years.

7
Legislative Reform

• William URen of Oregon was a very dynamic leader
  regarding getting legislative changes made in
  Oregon (later adapted in Washington).
• Created the initiative (citizens could pass their
  own laws by gathering signatures and having them
  placed on a ballot to be voted on), and the
  referendum (citizens could vote for laws already
  passed by the legislative branch of government).
  Also the recall, where voters could have an
  official removed from office.

8
Business Regulation

• Government began charging fees for people to use
  railroads and utilities.
• Laws also passed that limited the amount of hours
  that people could work women, for example,
  could only work 8 hours per day.
• Children were also required to attend school now,
  instead of working all day in mines and factories.

9
Womens Suffrage

• Suffrage The right to vote.
• Granting women the right to vote was considered
  one of WAs most significant victories of the
  time.
• Washington was the fifth state to pass an
  Amendment allowing this ten years later, all
  women in the U.S. could vote.

10
Opposition to Womens Suffrage
11
Picketing for Womens Rights, February 1917
12
56th Lexington, 1917
13
Industrial Workers of the World, a.k.a., IWW

• Created in 1905, the IWW enjoyed the notion of
  One big union.
• IWW set itself against capitalism, a system of
  government involving private ownership of land,
  property, and businesses. Capitalists were known
  to hire workers for very low wages, making their
  own profits larger.
• The IWW was one of the first groups to welcome
  African-Americans as well as women. IWW union
  members were called Wobblies.

14
Radical Change

• The Wobblies felt that real reform could only
  come from radical change. They agreed to strike
  if there was a need for it.
• Fought for rights to speak freely to employers,
  and also for safer working conditions and higher
  wages.
• Spoke on street corners and in public parks, and
  gathered much sympathy for their cause (Green
  Carlson, 2005, p. 132).

15
Wobblies Lingo

• Bindle Blanket roll
• Bindle Stiff Worker who carries his bedding
• California Blankets Newspapers used for bedding
• Dingbat A tramp considered homeless, helpless,
  and harmless
• Fink An informer or strikebreaker
• Jungle A place, usually near a railroad yard,
  where migrants cooked/slept
• Rattler Fast freight train
• Scab Person who takes the job of a striking
  union member
• Skid Road An area of town with saloons, gambling
  and prostitution

16
The Everett Massacre

• IWW was willing to get violent to achieve its
  goals. Literature openly discussed sabotage
  destroying a companys tools/materials to force
  it out of work.
• In Everett, Wobblies were giving speeches
  criticizing World War I/capitalism, and were
  arrested/beaten by police and vigilantes
  citizens who take it upon themselves to punish
  criminals.
• A boat of 300 Wobblies landed at Everett to lend
  support their effort was met with gunfire. Five
  workers and two vigilantes were killed in the
  scuffle. Though 74 Wobblies were charged with
  murder, no one could tell who fired the first
  shot, and they were freed.

17
The IWW Today

• The IWW still exists today, boasting on its
  official website (iww.org) about its 102-year
  history.
• To the left, a union member protests policies of
  the Starbucks company in Seattle, WA.

18
World War I (WWI)

• Also called the Great War raged from 1914-1917
  before the U.S. became involved.
• Central vs. Allied Powers. Central Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, and Turkey Allied England,
  France, Italy, Russia, and eventually the United
  States.
• U.S. became involved when Germany sunk a ship
  carrying American tourists using
  submarines/U-boats.

19
Allied vs. Central Powers
20
Liberty Sausage For All!

• Germans were the enemy in Europe during WWI. Many
  Americans felt that those of German-American
  heritage were not to be trusted.
• German-Americans were beaten up, and often had
  their farms/businesses vandalized. German
  language was banned in many schools.
• Things with German names were given American
  names hamburger, for example, was liberty
  sausage, and sauerkraut became liberty cabbage
  (Green Carlson, 2005, p. 135).

21
Selective Service Act

• All men 21-30 were required to sign up for the
  military.
• In World War I, about 75,000 Washington men were
  drafted.
• To the left is a poster of Uncle Sam, a national
  personification of the United States, urging men
  to sign up for the Army.

22
Sedition Act

• This was Congress attempt to suppress, or
  silence criticism by prohibiting any speech it
  felt was disloyal, profane, or abusive (Green
  Carlson, 2005, p. 135-136) about the
  government, the flag, the Constitution, or the
  Armed Forces.
• The IWW campaigned often against the war as a
  result, many Wobblies were arrested for violation
  of the Sedition Act.

23
As Gag-Rulers Would Have It
24
Communism the Red Scare

• In Russia during World War I, times were hard
  food and fuel were scarce, and the czar, Nicholas
  II was eventually overthrown.
• Communism Government ownership of all land,
  property and business. Not successful in Russia.
• Striking workers in U.S. considered part of a
  worldwide conspiracy against democracy caused
  nationwide hysteria.

25
Economic Boom

• The war created lots of jobs prior to WWI,
  there was one ship building company, for example.
  At the end of it, there were 25.
• The Boeing Company became the largest company in
  Washington, after building airplanes for the
  government.
• Jobs existed for people fighting in the war and
  even women and minorities who remained at home.
  The war was terrible, but business was booming
  (Green Carlson, 2005, p. 136-137).

26
From Boom to Bust

• When the war ended, there was a sharp drop in
  farm and lumber prices. Women and minorities were
  no longer an intricate part of the work force.
• Seattle General Strike Shipyard workers went on
  strike for wage increases that were forbidden
  during the war.
• People could not get a ride on a streetcar, or a
  meal in a restaurant (Green Carlson, 2005,
  chap. 8, p. 138).

27
The Age of Jazz

• The 1920s go by many names the Age of Jazz, the
  pursuit of pleasure, the Roaring Twenties, etc.
• Womens fashion drastically changed short,
  bobbed hair, short skirts, rouge, nylons with
  seams down the back. Men slicked their hair back
  and tried to look as modern as the ladies
  (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, 139).

28
The Two Dears

• A postcard featuring a woman from the 1920s in a
  traditional bathing suit of the time period. (The
  Authentic History Center, 2007).
• During the Roaring 20s, bathing-beauty contests
  (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p. 139) were a
  very popular form of entertainment.

29
The Modern Decade

• Some inventions of the 1920s included the
  following (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p.
  139-140)
• Electric power
• Telephones
• Phonographs
• Radios
• Washing machines
• Motion pictures
• Automobiles (pictured Henry Fords Model T)

30
Racial Intolerance

• The 1920s was also known as the Intolerant
  Decade, because of the United States peoples
  intense distrust and fear of foreigners.
• Many Japanese residents barred from owning and
  leasing land in Washington/Oregon.
• Ku Klux Klan Felt that Catholics, Jews and
  African-Americans were responsible for all the
  problems in the U.S. and terrorized those they
  were trying to get rid of. A large gathering of
  the KKK existed in the Yakima Valley in the 1920s.

31
Racist Stereotyping
32
Hydropower

• Pacific Northwest produced about 40 of the
  countrys hydropower that is, power harvested
  by dams.
• Public Utility District (PUD) Established
  public power systems and replaced private
  companies. Voted down in 1929, approved a year
  later eventually established in 29 of WAs 39
  counties.

33
Grand Coulee Dam

• Proposed as a way to bring irrigation to land.
  Supporters were called pumpers.
• Opposition Washington Water Power Company (WWP)
  pumpers led by James OSullivan.
• WWP proposed a gravity canal that would leave
  them mainly in control of water power.
• 1928, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers researched the
  Columbia River system and determined that the
  pumping plan was the most efficient.

34
Stock Market Crash Who Dunnit?

• Many factors that actually led up to the Stock
  Market Crash of 1929 (Gusmorino, 1996)
• Growing gap between the rich and middle class
  (unstable economy)
• Excessive spending on credit (lack of immediate
  incoming funds to companies)
• Major economies (radio advertising and
  automobiles) slowed down, taking the rest of the
  country with them
• Other countries could not pay back money they had
  borrowed from U.S. right away
• Eventually, product sat in warehouses and stock
  prices fell drastically

35
Black is the New Black

• Black Thursday (October 24, 1929) Stocks began
  to rise tentatively after Richard Whitney bought
  10,000 shares of U.S. Steel at 205 each.
• Black Monday (October 28, 1929) People began to
  sell shares blindly economists began to prepare
  themselves for what seemed like an inevitable
  crash.
• Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929) Stock market
  loses 40 of its original value (Woodard, 2007).

36
Plummeting Stocks
37
Effects of the Great Depression

• Banks closed first during the Depression anyone
  who had invested money there became broke almost
  overnight.
• Factories and businesses closed because nobody
  had the money to buy anything this also led to a
  shortage of jobs.
• Those who could afford to buy anything found very
  good deals. In Cheney, WA, a resident recalls
  seeing a block of twelve housing lots selling for
  38 (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p. 147).

38
Hoovervilles

• Many people became homeless during the 1930s WA
  State alone had 24 homeless shelters, or poor
  farms, though many were turned away due to lack
  of room.
• President Herbert Hoover unprepared for the
  Depression when it hit. Many U.S. citizens blamed
  him for not doing enough to help him, and built
  their own shacks out of scrap lumber, metal and
  cardboard. They called them Hoovervilles.

39
The Dust Bowl

• Occurred in 1928 in the Great Plains (pictured on
  the map as the central-most part of the U.S., as
  well as parts of Canada and Mexico).
• Already dry farming regions turned the land into
  a dust bowl by strong winds. Lasted roughly 12
  years.

40
Effects of the Dust Bowl

• Drought reached the Pacific Northwest, increasing
  fires in the area. In 1936, the Forest Service
  reported 450,000 acres of national forest in the
  Northwest had burned up.
• Agriculture destroyed crops rotted because
  harvesting did not turn a profit sheep
  slaughtered and fed to buzzards or coyotes
  because harvesting meat/wool did not pay enough.
  WA farmers even burned fruit trees for the fuel.
• Migrant workers came to the Northwest because the
  grim conditions here were still better than in
  the Great Plains by 1940, 400,000 had migrated
  to the N.W.
• In 1939, the federal government provided housing
  and medical clinics for migrant workers (Green
  Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

41
Roosevelts New Deal

• President Roosevelt (FDR) took office as
  President in 1933, after promising to create a
  New Deal for America to help end the Depression
  during his campaign.
• New Deal, also called alphabet soup (Gupta
  Lee, 1996), was a collaboration between FDR and
  Congress whose main goal was to put people back
  to work, and also stimulate economic recovery
  in U.S. (Gupta Lee, 1996).
• By 1939, the worst of the Great Depression was
  over (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

42
New Deal Programs

• Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance
  Corporation (FDIC), 1933 - Helped re-establish
  America's faith that they could put money in the
  bank and not lose it.
• Civil Works Administration (CWA) - Gave
  unemployed persons jobs building/repairing roads,
  parks, etc.
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Put people to
  work maintaining and restoring forests, beaches
  and parks. Pay was little, but free room/board
  and training was offered, first to men, and then
  eventually to women as well.
• Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 - Ended sale of
  tribal lands and restored ownership to rightful
  Native American groups.
• Public Works Association (PWA) - Launched
  projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the
  Columbia River.

43
New Deal Programs (cont.)

• Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1935-1943 -
  Provided work for 8 million Americans by
  constructing/restoring schools, hospitals, etc.
• Farm Security Administration (FSA) - Loaned more
  than 1 billion to farmers and set up camp for
  migrant workers.
• Fair Labor Standard Act, 1938 - Banned child
  labor and set a minimum wage.
• Social Security Act - Provided aid for the
  elderly, for family members of those who were
  killed in industrial accidents, for mothers and
  children, and for the blind/physically disabled.
  Did not cover farm and domestic workers, but the
  SSA did help many Americans feel more protected.
• Though not always 100 positive, the New Deal did
  a great deal in helping end the Great Depression
  (Gupta Lee, 1996).

44
Unions At War

• Federal laws passed giving workers the right to
  organize their own unions.
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress
  of Industrial Organizations (CIO) fought both
  management and themselves in a series of bitter
  strikes (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p.
  152).
• Goon squads Groups of paid thugs who acted as
  violent mediators between the AFL and CIO unions.
  At the time, Washington became one of the most
  unionized states in the country.

45
Adolf Hitler and Nazi-ism

• Though the U.S. economy was improving, by the
  late 1930s, trouble loomed in other parts of the
  world.
• Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany believed
  Germans were a superior race. Set out to
  cleanse Europe of anyone he considered
  inferior, namely Jewish people, as well as
  Gypsies, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals
  (Wikipedia, 2007k).
• Six million Jews killed in concentration camps,
  either from gas chambers or starvation. Referred
  to as the Holocaust (Green Carlson, 2005, chap.
  9).

46
World War II (WWII)

• WWII raged in Europe for years before America
  became involved.
• America sent ships and supplies to Allies
  (England, France, Russia) Germany conquered
  Poland, and was eventually joined by Italy
  Japan. President Roosevelt adamant about staying
  out of the war.

47
Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941 Japanese fighter planes dropped
  bombs on U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The
  next day, President Roosevelt declared war on
  Japan.
• Right A ship called the USS Shaw is blown up by
  Japanese bombs (Naval Historical Center, 2001).

48
Another Economic Boom

• With WWII came war-related jobs and economic
  prosperity.
• Hydroelectric power Bonneville and Grand Coulee
  Dams on Columbia River created cheap power.
• Aluminum Five new manufacturing plants created,
  including ones in Spokane, Longview Tacoma.
• Shipbuilding 100,000 employed at Kaisers
  shipbuilding yards in Portland-Vancouver region.
  Other local shipbuilding in Seattle, Tacoma,
  Bremerton Bellingham.
• Fish, farming, lumber production in WA turned
  into aluminum, airplanes and ship-building
  industries.

49
The Hanford Area

• FDR received word from Jewish scientist Albert
  Einstein that Germany may be building an atomic
  bomb. Roosevelt started the secret Manhattan
  Project, designed to produce an atomic bomb for
  America.
• Hanford one of the Projects research
  facilities. Hanford Area produced plutonium used
  for bombs, with plant reactors (powered by dams)
  supplying water used for cooling.
• Richland, WA was a mystery city of some 51,000
  people. Voluntary censorship/secrecy was crucial
  to the Projects success.
• After the war, when U.S. dropped two atomic bombs
  on Japan, Hanford became a public realization.

50
Social Change

• War brought migrants to places like the Pacific
  Northwest in record numbers.
• African-Americans in Seattle increased from 3,700
  in 1940 to 30,000 by 1945. Racial discrimination
  still rampant many families had trouble finding
  housing, and renovated chicken coups, garages,
  empty service stations and tents/cars to live in.
• Bracero program Response to need for growers in
  WA. Mexican men allowed to work temporarily in
  U.S. as farm laborers. Many brought their
  families (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

51
Japanese Internment Camps

• Much hysteria caused over the notion that Japan
  would drop atomic bombs on U.S. On March 2nd,
  1942, relocation orders were given to all persons
  of Japanese descent living in U.S.
• Roughly 10,000 Japanese-Americans from WA/OR
  areas sent to Minidoka Relocation Center in Idaho
  desert, and lived surrounded by armed guards and
  barbed wire. Many camp prisoners were 2nd/3rd
  generation Japanese-Americans.
• After the war, U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the
  relocation order. Later, Congress compensated
  those who had been relocated with 20,000 and
  formally apologized. Considered one of the worst
  civil rights violations in American history
  (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

52
Minidoka, etc.
53
Baseball

• Many Japanese-Americans took to playing baseball
  in the camps to pass the time. This picture was
  taken from Tule Lake, an infamous internment camp
  in Utah (Noe, 2007).
• The childrens book, Baseball Saved Us, by Ken
  Mochizuki describes why baseball became so
  important to many Japanese-Americans imprisoned
  during WWII.

54
Going to School In Camp

• Children in the internment camps also kept up on
  their studies.
• Pictured here is a classroom in the Tule Lake
  camp in Utah, where junior high-aged students are
  engaged in a lesson (Noe, 2007).

55
The Death of FDR

• April 1945 Roosevelt dies suddenly from stroke.
  Americans react in stunned reminiscence for
  three days/nights, businesses slowed, and radio
  stations aired only news broadcasts and religious
  music.
• Similar to coverage of the death of Princess
  Diana in 1997.
• Less than a month later, Germany surrendered, but
  Japan and U.S. still at odds. (Green Carlson,
  2005, chap. 9).

56
Fat Man Little Boy

• August 6, 1945 Atomic bomb called Little Boy,
  weighing over 4.5 tons, was dropped on Hiroshima,
  Japan from the Enola Gay, a B-29 plane. Almost
  instantly, 66,000 people died and 69,000 were
  injured.
• August 9, 1945 Second atomic bomb called Fat
  Man leveled over half the city of Nagasaki. The
  population of 422,000 dropped almost instantly to
  383,000 25,000 were injured.
• Those who did survive the blasts later succumbed
  to radiation poisoning or leukemia (Bellis, 2007).

57
A Post-War World

• Like with WWI, the end of WWII meant the end of
  things like rationing, but it also slowed
  production on chemicals, aluminum, steel, tanks
  and airplanes, leading to decrease in jobs.
• 50,000 Boeing employees during the war, many of
  whom were no longer needed.
• When Boeing sneezes, Seattle catches cold
  (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 164).

58
Suburbia

• The G.I. Bill helped many former soldiers afford
  a college education and eased them into civilian
  life. Many vets were the first in their families
  to attend college.
• War vets also bought houses, many using mortgage
  loans this caused a need for timber, and
  thousands of logging and sawmill jobs were
  created.
• In 1950s, many lived in the suburbs, where many
  homes were built together outside a city
  center (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p.
  165). Women settled into family life, creating a
  baby boom baby boomers, those born in the
  1950s, have children/grandchildren of their own
  today.
• Northgate Shopping Center North of Seattle
  with 100 stores, a hospital and a movie theatre,
  it became the first mall of its kind in the
  entire world.

59
The Cold War

• Though they were allies in war, Russia and the
  U.S. feared attacks from one another both
  countries kept giant military/defensive systems.
• Called a Cold War because there was no actual
  fighting. However, it was similar to the Red
  Scare during WW paranoia over communism still
  ran rampant.
• Russian supporters called Reds anyone
  suspected of being communists were fired,
  particularly if they worked as teachers and/or
  for the government. Sympathizers were called
  Pink this is where the phrase pinko commie
  comes from.

60
The Great Space Race

• In 1957, the Soviet Union (another name for
  Russia) launched the worlds first satellite,
  named Sputnik, into space.
• American schools, to catch up, began putting more
  pressure on school kids to excel in science/math.
  
• Soon, U.S. technology caught up to Russias, and
  even surpassed them the first man on the moon
  was an American.

61
Atomic Weapons

• Even though there was no actual fighting during
  the Cold War, there were still a lot of jobs
  created due to the need for weaponry.
• Hanford Area The same place that developed the
  atomic bombs during WWII produced nuclear fuel
  during the Cold War. Richland, WA still calls
  itself the Atomic city Richland High School
  uses a mushroom cloud as its emblem, even.
• Many who lived in the Hanford Area in the 1950s
  developed cancer from radioactive material
  released into the air/water. These people were
  called downwinders (Green Carlson, 2005,
  chap. 10).
• 1949 Soviets exploded first atomic bomb.
  Washington State practiced civil defense drills
  and evacuation techniques.
• Spokane was the first city in the nation to
  practice making everybody evacuate all at once.

62
Highway to WA!

• Freeways were developed by the U.S. government to
  help ease the growing amount of traffic on what
  were very narrow city roads.
• President Eisenhower suggested them after seeing
  highways used in Germany. He felt they could also
  make evacuation easier.
• Highways linked WA to the rest of the nation
• Interstate 84 Columbia River, WAs southern
  border
• Interstate 90 Puget Sound region, eastern WA
• Interstate 5 Runs from Canada to Mexico

63
Dam Business

• Many dams built before WWII continued to bring
  jobs into the eastern part of WA for over 20
  years.
• Columbia Basin project 75 reservoirs produced
  electricity and irrigation for farming. This
  caused towns like the Tri-Cities, Othello and
  Moses Lake to grow rapidly.
• Downsides
• Dams caused flooding Lake Roosevelt flooded 11
  separate towns.
• Native Americans could no longer use Kettle
  Falls, an ancient fishing spot.
• The Grand Coulee Dam impaired salmon spawning

64
Agribusiness

• Corporate farms, larger than family owned farms
  on 550,000 acres of land, for example, about
  6,000 farms were created were developed based
  on irrigation availability.
• Many seasonal workers were brought in to prepare
  crops.
• Chemical fertilizers developed they were
  cheaper and helped crops grow faster, with fewer
  diseases.
• University of Pullman leading agricultural
  research helped make machine harvesting a
  reality.

65
Korean War

• In 1950, North Korea a communist country using
  Soviet tanks/planes - invaded South Korea in
  response, the U.S. and 15 other countries sent
  troops to help South Korea defend itself.
• Fighting was sporadic three years later, the
  war was a stalemate (nobody officially won),
  though 33,000 Americans died, 528 from Washington
  State.

66
Vietnam War

• 1954, U.S. became involved in Vietnam, another
  communist country plagued by war. By the 1960s,
  thousands of WA soldiers joined the fight.
• Many Americans protested U.S.s involvement in
  Seattle, for example, a demonstration of over
  25,000 people commenced.
• Many people felt it was wrong to send troops to
  a nation where we had no reason to be involved
  (Green Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 172).
• War lasted for ten years 58,000 Americans were
  killed, and 2-3 million Vietnamese died.

67
Unemployment Immigration

• After the war ended in 1973, unemployment soared.
  War materials were no longer needed.
• Many Asian immigrants fled to WA to escape their
  own war-torn regions
• Vietnamese 30,000
• Cambodians 15,000
• Laotians 10,000

68
Civil Rights

• People were beginning to challenge segregation
  laws and racial discrimination.
• 1964 Civil Rights Act Discrimination prohibited
  in public places.
• African-Americans at the time could not sit with
  Whites in movie theatres, restaurants, or hotels
  they could not use public swimming pools, etc.
• 1965 The literacy test was eliminated for
  voters.
• 1969 An updated version of the Civil Rights Act
  prohibited discrimination in the sale/rental of
  property.

69
Civil Rights Murders

• President John Kennedy Shot in Dallas, TX
• Senator Robert Kennedy Assassinated
• Malcolm X Murdered
• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Murdered in Memphis,
  TN
• Edwin Pratt Part of the Seattle Urban League
  was shot walking out his front door.

70
Multiculturalism in WA State

• African-Americans Many moved to Puget Sound area
  to work in defense manufacturing plants or in
  Army/Navy bases.
• Carl Maxey First black attorney in Spokane.
  Filed lawsuits for black customers during the
  1950s/1960s who were denied access to restaurants
  and stores.
• Asian-Americans Pre-WWII, they lived and worked
  in farms/rural areas mainly. After they left
  relocation camps, many found their homes had been
  vandalized/overtaken, and had to start new lives.
  
• Some entered the world of politics. Wing Luke,
  for example, was a Seattle City Council man, the
  first Chinese-American elected to any office in
  WA. He died in a plane crash a few years later.
  Also, Gary Locke, the first Chinese-American
  governor in U.S. history was elected to office in
  1996.

71
Multiculturalism in WA (cont.)

• Native Americans Lived both on and off
  reservations. Many led dual lives Indian life
  involved preserving native traditions and mixing
  them with modern culture.
• Hispanic Americans Largest minority group in WA
• WWII, thousands came to harvest crops and many
  settled permanently. In Othello,
  Mexican-Americans made up over half the
  population by the 1970s.
• By the 1990s, Hispanics not only worked on farms,
  but many also took jobs as lawyers, physicians,
  teachers, etc.
• Also challenged civil rights groups like the
  Mexican American Federation challenged voting
  restrictions regarding literacy in court and won,
  for example.

72
Womens Rights

• 1970s Women strived to be paid as much as men,
  and to earn the same prestige men were
  considered doctors, and women were nurses, for
  example.
• Feminism Liberation of women.
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Neither men nor
  women could be denied rights on the basis of
  gender.

73
Health Care

• Seattle created the first Health Maintenance
  Organization (HMO) after WWII.
• Group Health Cooperative 400 families paid a
  monthly fee in order to see doctors who were
  covered under/involved with the organization.
• University of Washington Medical school for
  physicians as well as medical treatment research.
  Also, Washington State University in Pullman has
  a veterinary school.

74
Conclusion

• History creates many patterns, both positive and
  negative.
• American history is full of recurring issues
  regarding racism, the economy, and war.
• Understanding these issues can help make the
  country a better, more equal and safer place for
  all of its citizens.

75
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References (cont.)

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78
References (cont.)

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80
The End

• Those who do not learn from history are doomed
  to repeat it.
• - George Santayana, American philosopher
  (1863-1952)