Ethical issues in research and publications

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Ethical Issues in Research and Publications

• 
  Presented By
• 
  Sangeetha S.
• 
  Lissy Bennet

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Introduction

• Ethics are norms of conduct that distinguish
  between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
• Ethics are the principles and guidelines that
  help us to uphold things we value.

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Meaning

• Research Ethics involves the application of
  fundamental ethical principles to a variety of
  topics involving scientific research.
• Research ethics educates and monitors a scientist
  conducting a research to ensure a high ethical
  standards.

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Importance of Research Ethics

• Respect and cause no harm to the participants.
• As a sign of respect for other researchers and
  cause no harm to the participants.
• It is a professional requirement
• It is a requirement to obtain funding.
• Failing to conduct research ethically result in
  research/researcher being dismissed or rejected
  by the research community.

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Basic Principles of Research Ethics

• Honesty
• Objectivity
• Integrity
• Carefulness
• Openness

• Respect for intellectual property
• Confidentiality
• Respect for colleagues
• Non discrimination
• Social Responsibility

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Important areas in Research Ethics

• Authorship
• Plagiarism
• Peer Review
• Research with animals
• Research with human subjects
• Research misconduct

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Authorship

• Research evolves from collaboration and
  assistance between experts and colleagues
• Authorship is the process of deciding about on
  who names a research paper belongs.
• Authorship is reserved for persons who receives
  primary credit and hold primary responsibility
  for a published work
• It decides which colleagues should be listed as
  authors or co- authors.

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Ethical Guidelines

• Authors

• Co Authors

• Significantly contributed to the research and
  writing
• Prepared full responsibility for the content of
  research article

• Contributed substantially to the research
• Wrote or revised all or part of the manuscript.
• Approved the final version of the entire article

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Plagiarism

• Presenting the words , phrases, ideas or work of
  another including certain facts and statistics.
• It will question the integrity, ethics and trust
  worthiness of the researcher.
• Whether intentionally or unintentionally,
  plagiarism cannot be tolerated by the Scientific
  community.

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Ethical Guidelines

• Keep accurate notes when doing research
• Educate yourself on university plagiarism
  policies
• Master the procedure for citing sources
• Learn to paraphrase without borrowing the
  language or structure used in an original source.

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Peer Review

• Before a paper is published in a scientific
  journal, it is subjected to a process called
  peer review
• Peer review system is designed to ensure that
  only high quality and reliable information is
  published in scientific journals

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Steps in peer review

• The author of a scientific paper submit it to
  the editor of a scientific journal
• The editor chooses two or three research experts
  in the specific topic and submit the paper to
  those researchers.
• Based on the recommendations of independent
  reviewers and the editors own review, the editor
  will take the decision to accept or reject the
  paper.

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Ethical Guidelines

• Reviewer should not know the author they are
  reviewing
• The author should not tell the names of the
  reviewer.
• No person involved in the process can publically
  disclose the information in the article

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Research with animals

• Animals are
• Used in testing new medicines.
• As teaching tools for medical students
• As experimental subjects for new surgical
  procedures

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Ethical Guidelines

• Animals can be used in research only when
• It is absolutely necessary.
• There is no alternatives.
• Researchers can treat animals humanly.
• When confirmation has been made that research
  activities are not unnecessarily duplicating
  previously conducting experiments.
• Such experiments are relevant to human or animal
  health, will advance scientific knowledge, or
  will be for the good of society.

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Research with human subjects

• It involves use of human subjects in research
• Human subjects can be defined as a living
  individual on whom a research investigator
  obtains data through intervention or interaction
  with the individual.

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ETHICAL GUIDELINES

• Informed consent
• Voluntarily
• Respect for persons
• Right to end participation in research at any
  time.
• Right to safeguard integrity.
• Benefits should higher than cost
• Protection from physical, mental and emotional
  harm
• Access to information regarding research.
• Protection of privacy and well-being .

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RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

• It is the process of identifying and reporting
  unethical or unsound research
• It is defined as fabrication, falsification or
  plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing
  research or in reporting research results.
• It must be committed intentionally.

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ETHICAL GUIDELINES

• Inquiry
• Investigation
• Appropriate corrective action

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Conclusion

• A well known biomedical ethicist stated that
  When no one is watching, it is the character of
  the investigator that determines the moral
  quality.  
• Researcher must consider research as an integral
  professional activity, and must ethically
  discharge his research.
• Training should be provided in case of deviations.

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References

• Ian Gregory 2003, Ethics in Research, MPG Books
  Ltd, Great Britian.
• C.R. Kothari (2004), Research Methodology
  Methods and Techniques, New Age International
  (P) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi.
• Donna M. Mertens Pauline E. Ginsberg(2009), The
  Handbook of Social Research Ethics , SAGE
  Publications, Inc .
• Onken, M., Garrison, S., Dotterweich, S. (1999)
  Research Ethics Among AACSB Faculty and Deans
  Why Isn't There More Whistleblowing?, Journal of
  Information Ethics.

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Thank you