Wind Hydrogen System

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Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems Sept,
2003 Ellen Liu GE Global Research
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Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production
1.2 B Freedom CAR (Cooperative Automotive
Research) Initiative will create large demand for
low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply

• Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial
  scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery
  systems
• US Today 84 of hydrogen produced via natural
  gas reforming w/o carbon sequestration

GM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell Car

• The Opportunity Renewable routes to
  Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and
  green house gas emissions and improve urban air
  quality
• The Competition Gasoline-inexpensive at
  1.50/Gal 14/MBTU or 5 /kWh.
• The Goal US DOE Hydrogen cost target-2/kg or
  6 /kWh.
• The Candidate Wind power is commercially
  viable - COE reduced to 4 /kWh

Wind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has
Great Potential
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Wind-Hydrogen System Concept
Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is
Technically Feasible
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Opportunity Assessment NY State Wind-H2
NY Wind Map
New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year)

• NY Wind Potentials
• 4GW onshore
• 8GW offshore

FEASIBLE Replace 50 of NY Oil use with
Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Power
is Vital
Potential Wind Farms
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H2 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill
-Syracuse)
4500kg (150 MWh) 100/kWh h 99
500 MW 1000/kW h 40
Hydrogen Buffer Storage
350 bar
Plateau-Syracuse 30 miles Hydrogen pipeline 10
Diameter, 25 bar 1MM /mile h 99 (30 miles)
6 MW 1000/kW h 80
200 MW
200 MW 1000/kW h 75
4500 kg/hr, 25 bar
3 gal/kg H2
O2 Gas
H2 production 107,000 kg/day _at_ 3.5/kg
Water Consumption 324,000 gal/day
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Offshore Wind - Onshore H2 Production (Long
Island)
500 MW 1200/kW h 45
4950kg (150 MWh) 100/kWh h 99
Hydrogen Buffer Storage
150 kV AC sub-sea cable 1.2 MM/mile h 98
8 miles
6 MW h 80
220 MW 1000/kW h 75
98 trucks (180kg/truck) 60,000/truck h 85
(40miles)
4950kg/hr, 25 bar
GH2
350 bar
220 MW
3 gal/kg H2
O2 Gas
Water Consumption 356,400 gal/day
NOTE Assuming trucks are powered by H2
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Opportunity Assessment ND Wind-H2

• North Dakota The Saudi Arabia of Wind
• Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the
  electricity consumption of the lower 48 states.
• No major load centers need to transmit power
  to remote locations
• Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to
  Minneapolis Chicago
• Electricity (through power transmission lines)
• Hydrogen (through pipelines)

Wind Resources Infrastructure Challenges
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H2 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago)
4500 kg (150 MWh) 100/kWh
500 MW 1000/kW util. 40
Hydrogen Buffer Storage
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago 1000 miles Hydrogen pipeline
6 MW 1000/kW h 80
10 Diameter, 25 bar 1MM /mile h 85 (1000
miles)
200 MW
200 MW 1000/kW h 75
4500 kg/hr, 25 bar
100 miles
3 gal/kg H2
1 MW
1 MW
O2 Gas
H2 production 91,809 kg/day _at_ 8.9/kg
Water Consumption 324,000 gal/day
NOTE Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered
by H2
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HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) H2 Production
3060 kg (102 MWh) 100/kWh
500 MW 1000/kW util. 40
Hydrogen Buffer Storage
350 bar
200 MW
5 MW
170 MW 1000/kW h 75
North Dakota-Chicago 1000 miles
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar

• HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable
• 2/3 Overhead 0.8 MM/mile
• 1/3 Underground cable 1.2 MM/mile
• 85 (1000 miles)

3 gal/kg H2
H2 Production 91,810 kg/day _at_ 8.85/kg
O2 Gas
Water 275,427 gal/day
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Hydrogen Delivery Alternatives
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Wind-Hydrogen System Economics
NOTE no energy delivery considered
System Sensibility Analysis
COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the
Major Cost Factors for Hydrogen
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Viable Wind-Hydrogen System Options

• Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System
• H2 refueling station at remote, isolated area
  island, rural area, Alaska, etc.
• Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (m-turbine)
  system, wind-reversible electrolysis
• Wind hybrid system with H2 production

• Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen System
• Dedicated hydrogen production
• Off-peak hydrogen production
• H2 production only during off-peak electrical
  demand hours when low-cost electricity is
  available
• Full off-peak
• H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak
  electricity demand times

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Electrolyzer Technologies

• Current Technology
• State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer,
  Efficiency 60-70 (LHV)
• Operating temperature up to 80oC
• Operating pressure 1 atm 25 atm
• Cost 1000/kW - 2500/kW

• Future Technology increase capacity, efficiency
  and reduce cost
• System efficiency should reach 70-80 (LHV) by
  advanced electrolyzer technology
• Industrial size electrolyzer (MW level)
• Cost should be reduced to 300/kW - 500/kW (COH
  at 2/kg)
• Integration with renewables (wind, PV,
  geothermal, etc.)

New Technology Development Required for Megawatt
Scale Electrolyzer
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Industrial Scale H2 Stationary Storage Challenge

• Current Technologies
• Compression Processes
• High energy consumption losses 15-30
• High capital cost for large quantity storage
  1000-2000/kW
• Pressure to 200 - 350 bar
• Liquefaction Processes
• High energy consumption losses 40-50
• High capital cost 1500-2500/kW
• Compressed Storage
• Large space required for large quantity storage
  limited by pressure (5000 psi now)
• Liquid Storage
• Boil-off 0.1-0.3/day
• Advanced Storage Technologies
• Low pressure solid state Metal Hydrides,
  Chemical Hydrides
• Large capacity underground tankage
• Low cost storage material systems design,
  compression liquefaction processes

Currently Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle
Storage Future Effort Required for Industrial
Scale Storage
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Hydrogen Delivery Pipelines
Current Status

• Future Needs
• Reduce pipeline cost increase system life,
  solve embrittlement
• Explore the options modify NG or oil pipelines
  to carry H2
• High pressure H2 new pipe materials systems
• H2 pipeline safety management

Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but Expensive
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Wind Power-H2 Generation Summary

• Technical Feasibility Hydrogen production and
  distribution are feasible
• Commercial Viability Current technologies are
  immature or high cost
• System Optimization Required Integrating
  electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the
  current and future energy infrastructure
• New Technology Opportunities
• MW scale, high efficiency and low cost
  electrolyzers with variable power capability
• Electrolyzer integration and optimization with
  wind turbine generator
• Large-scale, high density/pressure, low cost
  hydrogen storage
• Energy efficient and cost effective compression
  and liquefaction processes
• Reliable, Low Cost hydrogen energy delivery
• High pressure, low cost hydrogen pipelines (pipe
  materials of construction, infrastructure, etc.)
• Electricity transmission with distributed H2
  production
• Fuel Flexible IC GT engines capable of
  utilizing hydrogen and other fuels

Wind - Hydrogen is a viable green energy
solution. Hydrogen infrastructure and new
technologies are required.