respiratory system

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FAR 131 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• GROUP 9 MEMBERS
• ANIS FAZEERA BINTI AHMAD FUAD
• KHOR JUU YEEI
• MOHD ZULFIKAR BIN AHMAD FAUZI
• NOR FADZLIN SAKINA BINTI JAFFERI
• NUR MAHIRAH BINTI ABDUL MANAF
• TAY SUE CHYEN
• TENGKU NABILAH SURAYA

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lung
Tube sys lead to the lungs
Conducting portion
Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles
Condition inspired air
Provide passage-air?lung

• Mucosa identical to mucosa of terminal
  bronchioles BUT numerous alveoli extend from
  wall.
• No goblet cell.
• Ciliated cuboidal cell clora cell
• L.propria(smooth muscle,elastic fibres)

Cartilage
Elastic fibre

• Dust and gaseous impurities?trap in
• -vibrissae(specialized hair)
• -layer of mucous(mucous gland)

Cleansed

• Support wall
• Prevent collapse?lumen
• At periphery Lamina propria

• flexibility

Flow chart
Smooth muscle
Alveolar ducts

• Mucous serous secretion(moisten air)
• Protect alveolar lining from
  dessication

Moisted

• Simple squamous epithelium.
• Alveolar sacs are disintended space
• Elastic fibre?enable aveoli-expand(inspiration),co
  ntract(expiration).
• Reticular fibre ?prevent-overdistension damage
  to capillaries.

• Encircles tube
• From trachea?alveolar duct

Alveoli

• By a rich network of capillaries.

• Sac-like evagination.
• O2,CO2 exchanged?airblood
• Interalveolar septum(alveolar wall)
• 2 thin squamous epithelium layer.
• Between layer(interstitium)
• Interstitium capillaries,CT(elastic,reticular
  fibre fibroblast)

warmed
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RESPIRATORY Lungs SYSTEM
System of tubes Leading
to the lung

• FUNCTIONS
• Provide an intake of O2
• Eliminate CO2

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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CONDUCTING PORTION
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• FUNCTIONS
• 1) Provide a conduct through which air can travel
  to from the lungs
• Cartilage
• support wall, preventing collapse of lumen
• Elastic fibres
• flexibility
• Smooth muscle
• contraction reduce of conducting
  tubules
• (regulate air flow during inspiration
  expiration)

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• 2) Condition the inspired air
• (clean, moisten, warm)
• Vibrissae
• remove dust particles other substance
• Mucous serous secretions
• moisten incoming air, protect alveolar
• lining from desiccation
• Rich network of blood capillaries
• warm in-coming air

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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

• Line the mucosa of conducting portion
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar goblet cells

• 5 TYPE OF CELLS
• 1) Ciliated columnar cell
• Most abundant
• Each cells have about 300 cilia on its apical
  surface
• Beneath cilia are numerous mitochondria, supply
  ATP for cilia beating.
• 2) Mucous goblet cell
• Next most abundant
• Apical cytoplasm contains mucin granules

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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

• 3) Brush cell
• Numerous microvillus on its apical surfaces
• Are columnar epithelial cell
• Have nerve ending on basal surface (sensory
  receptor)
• 4) Basal cells (short cells)
• Small rounded cell
• Lie on basal lamina but do not extend to luminal
  surface of respiratory epithelium
• Generative stem cell that undergo mitosis and
  differentiate to other cell types
• 5) Small granule cell
• Resemble basal cell except it contains numerous
  granules
• Granules control secretory activity of goblet
  cells and other glands

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TRACHEA
TRACHEA extended from larynx
Layers of Tracheal Wall

• MUCOSA
• Consist of
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Lamina propia
• -elastic reticular fibers
• -Provide same protection against dust as the
  membrane lining the nasal cavity larynx

• HYALINE CARTILAGE
• From horizontal ring that resembles C-shaped.
• Fxn Provide semirigid support so that tracheal
  wall does not collapsed inward.
• The open end s of hyaline cartilage bridged by
  smooth muscle,trachealis muscle, and fibroelastic
  ligament

• SUBMUCOSA
• Consist of
• Areolar connective tissue
• -Seromucous glands their ducts

• ADVENTITIA
• Consist of
• Areolar connective tissue
• -Joins the trachea to sorrounding tissues.

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BRONCHIAL TREE
Trachea
Primary bronchi
3 in right lung
Secondary bronchi
2 in left lung
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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BRONCHI
BRONCHI

• MUCOSA
• structurally similar to trachea
• Different in organization of cartilage smooth
  muscle
• CARTILAGE
• More irregular in shape
• Large bronchi cartilage rings completely
  encircle the lumen
• Bronchial diameter ?, cartilage rings replaced by
  isolated plates/ islands of hyaline cartilage

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BRONCHI

• LAMINA PROPRIA
• Smooth muscle layer crisscrossing bundles of
  spirally arranged smooth muscle
• Rich in elastic fibres
• Contains mucous serous glands

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BRONCHIOLES
Diameter 5mm

• MUCOSA
• No cartilage/glands
• LAMINA PROPRIA
• Consists mainly of smooth muscles elastic
  fibers

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BRONCHIOLES

• EPITHELIUM
• Large bronchioles
• - have scattered goblet cells
• - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
  epithelium
• Smaller terminal bronchioles
• - Ciliated simple columnar/ ciliated simple
• cuboidal without goblet cell
• - Epithelium contain Clara cells (apical
  cytoplasm contains secretory granules protect
  the lining of bronchioles against oxidative
  pollutants)

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RESPIRATORY PORTION
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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

• Each terminal branchiole subdivide into 2 or more
  respiratory branchioles.
• These branchioles serve as areas of transition
  between conducting and respiratory portions.
• Structure of mucosa is identical to mucosa of
  terminal branchiole except that numerous alveoli
  extend from the walls of respiratory branchiole

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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

• Some parts of respiratory bronchiole are lined
  with ciliated cuboidal cells and Clara cells
• Goblet cells are absent
• More distal parts of these bronchioles,the
  cuboidal cells do not have cilia
• Respiratory bronchioles terminate by branching
  into several alveolar ducts.

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ALVEOLAR DUCT

• Thin-walled tubes, lined with simple squamous
  epithelium
• Lamina propria-smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  and collagen fibres
• Lead into numerous single
• alveoli and alveolar sacs
• Alveolar sacs are distended
• space
• Each space gives rise to several
• alveoli

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ALVEOLAR DUCT

• Elastic and reticular fibres form a complex
  network encircling the opening of alveolar sacs
  and alveoli.
• Elastic fibres enable the alveoli to expand with
  inspiration and to contract with expiration
• Reticular fibre serve as a walls that prevents
  over distention and damage to capillaries and
  thin alveolar duct.

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ALVEOLI
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ALVEOLI

• Alveolar wall structure
  specialized to facilitate diffusion
• between
  external and internal environment
• lies between 2
  neighbouring alveoli
• called interalveolar septum
  have 2 thin squamous
  epithelial layer
  interalveolar wall between which lie
  the interstitium
• Interstitium capillaries
  elastic fibers
• connective
  tissue reticular fibers
• 
  fibroblasts

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ALVEOLI

• Blood air barrier cytoplasm of the
  epithelial cells
• fused
  basal lamina of the epithelial and
  endothelial cells
• 
  cytoplasm of endothelial cell
• thickness
  0.1-1.5µm
• endothelial lining of the
  capillaries is CONTINUOUS
• DONT have fenestrae

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ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
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Consist of
TYPE I CELLS TYPE II CELLS
Squamous alveolar cells Septal/ great alveolar cells
Extremely thin cells at alveolar surface Scattered between type I cells
Make up 97 of alveolar surface Found in groups (2,3 cells) along alveolar surface
All have occluding junctions desmosomes gt to prevent leakage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space Have more rounded shape, larger nucleus and foamy cytoplasm(due to lamellar bodies)
Organelle group around nuclei gt reduce thickness of blood-air barrier Discharged content from lamellar bodies spread and form thin layer on alveoli
Main role provide barrier of minimum thickness that is readily permeable to gases. This layer contain pulmonary surfactant which reduce surface tension within alveoli and prevent it to collapse during expiration
Divide by mitosis to replace their own population and type I cells.
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ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
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ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

• also called dust cell
• Found in interalveolar septum and surface of
  alveolus
• Wonder freely on surface of alveolus
• clean epithelial surface of inspired particles-by
  phagocytosis
• alveoli (ameoboid movement)? bronchioles (via
  mucus layer)? pharynx (swallowed)
• due to a/m, the respiratory part of lungs are
  normally kept sterile

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ALVEOLAR PORES
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ALVEOLAR PORES

• Interalveolar septum has pores (10-15µm in
  diameter) that connect neighbouring alveoli
• These pores equalize air pressure in alveoli
• Provide alternative routes for air movement when
  there is obstruction

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CONCLUSION
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• Respiratory system consist of 2 parts
• (1)conducting portion
• (2) respiratory portion
• The bronchial tree system are
• Trachea 2 primary bronchi
  secondary bronchi
• 
  2 in left lung3 in right lung
• 
  
• respiratory terminal bronchioles
  bronchioles
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli duct alveoli sac /aveoli

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THE END