Title: The Future of the Liberal World Order
1-
- The Future of the Liberal World
Order -
-
-
Princeton University - Foreign Affairs
Journal - May 2011
-
Presented by Sajad Bahrami ,Guilan University
,Iran . -
Fall
,2012.
John Ikenberry
2 International order has risen and fallen. One
of the great dramas of world politics over the
last hundred years has been the rise of American
liberal hegemonic order . At its core, it was a
hierarchical order with liberal characteristics.
America played the leading role in the provision
of rule and stability in this order. Currently
economic growth in countries like China and
India has created new centers of global power.
these and other developments have led to profound
questions about the American-centered nature of
the old order.
3The future of international order,less American
or less liberal ?
- As the United States' relative power declines,
will the open and rule-based liberal
international order start to erode? - The question that John poses is whether we are
witnessing just the decline of the United States
or we are also witnessing the decline of the
liberal world order . If the latter is true then
the global order will not only look less American
but less liberal. As the newly emerging states
become more central to the world order, they will
bring a more illiberal less open, less
rules-based and less democratic world order.
4Some anxious observers argue that it wnot just
less American but also less liberal
-
-
The panicked narrative - The fact that today's rising states are
mostly large non-Western developing countries
gives force to this narrative. - Liberal International order could give way to a
more fragmented system of blocs, spheres of
influence, mercantilist networks, and regional
rivalries. - Brazil, China, India, and other fast-emerging
states have a different set of cultural,
political, and economic experiences, and they do
not share the concerns of the advanced capitalist
societies they see the world through their
anti-imperial and the colonial pasts. - The recent global economic crisis has also
bolstered this narrative of liberal international
decline. the crisis has tarnished the American
model of liberal capitalism and raised new doubts
about the ability of the United States to act as
the global economic leader.
5Ikenberry argue that it will be less American but
more liberal
-
The panicked narrative misses a deeper
reality - Although the United States' position in the
global system is changing, the liberal
international order is alive and well. - The struggle over international order today
is not about fundamental principles. - China and other emerging great powers do not
want to contest the basic rules and principles of
the liberal international order. - China and the other emerging powers do not face
simply an American-led order or a Western
system. They face abroader international order
that is highly developed, expansive, integrated
and deeply rooted in the societies and economies
of both advanced capitalist states and developing
states - Today's power transition represents not the
defeat of the liberal order but its ultimate
ascendance. Brazil, China, and India have all
become more prosperous and capable by operating
inside the existing international order. - Rising states have deep interests in an open and
rule-based system that provides members with
tools for economic and political advancement. - There is no competing global organizing logic
to liberal internationalism - "Beijing model"--would presumably be organized
around exclusive blocs, spheres of influence, and
mercantilist networks. on a global scale, such a
system would not advance the interests of any of
the major states, including China. The Beijing
model only works when one or a few states
opportunistically exploit an open system of
markets. But if everyone does, it is no longer an
open system but a fragmented, mercantilist, and
protectionist complex--and everyone suffers.
6Creation of current international liberal order,
Tow projects Westphalian project and
Anglo-American project .
-
-
Westphalian project - On is the creation and expansion of the modern
state system, a project dating back to the Peace
of Westphalia . - the project has promulgated rules and principles
associated with state sovereignty and norms of
great-power conducted. - At the heart of the Westphalian project is the
notion of state sovereignty and great-power
relations. - The original principles of the Westphalian
system--sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
nonintervention--reflected an emerging consensus
that states were the rightful political units for
the establishment of legitimate rule. Founded in
western Europe, the Westphalian system has
expanded outward to encompass the entire globe. - The Westphalian project has focused on solving
the "realist" problems of creating stable and
cooperative interstate relations under conditions
of anarchy.
7The other project is the construction of the
liberal order, which over the last two centuries
was led by the United Kingdom and the United
States and which in the twentieth century was
aided by the rise of liberal democratic states.
- In the nineteenth century, liberal
internationalism was manifest in the United
Kingdom's championing of free trade and the
freedom of the seas, but it was limited and
coexisted with imperialism and colonialism. - In the twentieth century, the United States
advanced the liberal order in several
phases. After World War I, Wilson and other
liberals pushed for an international order
organized around a global collective-security
body, the League of Nations, .the Wilsonian
worldview in the interwar period of closed
economic systems and imperial blocs, this
experiment in liberal order collapsed. - After World War II, President Franklin
Roosevelt's administration tried to construct a
liberal order again, drawing lessons from
Wilson's failure and incorporating ideas from the
New Deal, American architects of the postwar
order also advanced more ambitious ideas about
economic and political cooperation, which were
embodied in the Breton Woods institutions. This
vision was originally global in spirit and scope,
but it evolved into a more American-led and
Western-centered system as a result of the
weakness of postwar Europe and rising tensions
with the Soviet Union. - As the Cold War unfolded, the United States took
command of the system, adopting new commitments
and functional roles in both security and
economics. Its own economic and political system
became, in effect, the central component of the
larger liberal hegemonic order. - This order currently challenged by rising powers
but it have capability and capacity for over
coming this challenges.
8Ikenberrys propose Today is the best time for
update the liberal international order for a new
era
- Now, as this hegemonic organization of the
liberal international order starts to change, the
hierarchical aspects are fading while the liberal
aspects persist. - The hierarchical aspects of international
liberal order should be updated . - The rising powers challenges can be
managed by liberal advanced states. - Today is the best time for the democratic
partners to update the liberal order for a new
era - So even as China and other rising states try to
contest U.S. leadership--and there is indeed a
struggle over the rights and responsibilities of
the leading states within the system--the deeper
international order remains intact. - Rising powers are finding incentives and
opportunities to integrate into this order, doing
so to advance their own interests. - For these states, the road to modernity runs
through the existing international order.
9-
more explorations and
studding - On the classic study of world order and
international order see - Hedly Bull, The Anarchical Society A Study of
Order in World Politics (London Macmillan, 1977)
- On anticipations of the end of American
dominance, see - Charles Kupchan, he End of the American Era U.S.
Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the
Twenty-First Century (New york Knopf, 2003). - Fareed Zakaria, he Post-American World (New York
Norton, 2009). - On the politics and ideas of order building after
major wars, see - G. John Ikenberry, Ater Victory Institutions,
Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order
after Major War (Prince-ton, NJ Princeton
University Press, 2001) - Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War Armed Conflicts
and International Orders, 16481989 (New York
Cambridge University Press, 1991) - For explorations of the rise and spread of
Anglo-American liberal internationalism, see - Mark R. Brawley, Liberal Leadership Great Powers
and their Challengers in Peace and War - (Ithaca, Ny Cornell University Press, 1993)
- Tony Smith, Americas Mission he United States
and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the
Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ
PrincetonUniversity Press, 1994) - Michael Mandelbaum, the Ideas that Conquered the
World Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the
Twenty-irst Century (New york Public Afairs,
2002) - Wal-ter Russell Mead, God and Gold Britain,
America, and the Making of the Modern World (New
york Knopf, 2007) - David Ekbladh, he Great American Mission
Modernization and the Construction of an
American World Order (Princeton, NJ Princeton
University Press, 2010). - Ferguson, Empire the Rise and Demise of the
British World Order and the Les- - sons for Global Power (New York Basic Books,
2002), - G. John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan The
Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the
American World Order (Princeton Studies in
International History and Politics 2011).