Storage and Maintenance of Drugs

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Storage and Maintenance of Drugs

• Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
• Department of Pharmaceutics
• KLE University College of Pharmacy
• BELGAUM-590010, Karnataka, India
• E-mail nanjwadebk_at_gmail.com
• Cell No, 0091-9742431000

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Storage and Maintenance of Drugs

• Definitions
• Introduction
• Near Expiring drugs Chart
• List of Available Medicine for Public
• Classification and Arrangement of Drugs
• Calendar of Drugs

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What is a drug

• A drug can be given three possible operational
  definitions
• A chemical substance that affects the processes
  of the body or mind
• Any chemical compound used on or administered to
  humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis,
  treatment or prevention of disease, or other
  abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or
  suffering, or to control or improve any
  physiologic or pathologic state
• A substance used recreationally for its effects
  on the central nervous system.

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Introduction

• The Drugs which are purchased from the market are
  stored in drug stores to provide a uniform supply
  of drugs to the patients.
• The drugs are stocked in containers, such as
  drums and boxes and on flexible racks and shelves
  etc.
• It must be ensure that drugs which are stored in
  a drug store remain preserved during their
  storage.
• There should not be any damage due to high
  temperature or exposure to sunlight.
• The drugs are to be stored as per the prescribed
  conditions of their storage.

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Introduction

• The drugs stored in a drug store be arranged in
  such a way that they are easily traceable as and
  when required.
• According to manufacturers
• According to pharmacological action
• Alphabetically

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Storage and Maintenance

• Drugs to be stored under condition that prevent
  contamination as far as possible, deterioration
• Well closed container precautions to be taken
  in relation to the effects of the atmosphere,
  moisture, heat light.
• Protected from moisture means that the product
  is to be stored in air tight container

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Protected from light

• Protected from light the product is to be
  stored either in a container made of material
  that absorbs actinic light sufficiently to
  protect the contents from change induced by such
  light.

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Temperature

• In a deep freeze (-15C)
• In a refrigerator 2C -8C
• Cold or cool 8C-15C
• Room temperature 15C-25C

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Storage, Maintenance Security

• All drugs, including samples, should be
  maintained separate from non-medications in a
  locked cabinet or drug room which is sufficiently
  secure to deny access to unauthorized persons.
• Key should be available only to authorized
  personnel who are assigned medication-related
  responsibilities.
• Place medication in to stock immediately upon
  receipt.
• Store medications that are for external use
  only separate from medications intended for
  internal use.

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Storage, Maintenance Security

• Store look-alike and sound-alike drugs
  separately.
• Store drugs in conditions required per labeling
  or other official guidelines.
• Maintain temperature between 59 degree and 86
  degrees Fahrenheit for non-refrigerated
  medications.
• Where refrigeration is necessary use a
  Medications Only refrigerator and maintain
  temperature between 36 degrees and 46 degrees
  Fahrenheit.

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Storage, Maintenance Security

• On daily basis check, verify and document the
  proper temperature
• All multiple-dose injectable medications should
  be initialed and have the date of first entry
  recorded on the label.
• Multiple dose vials remain potent until
  manufacturers date on the vial.
• Rotate medication stock monthly employing a
  FIFO (first in/first out) process.

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Storage requirements

• Selection of drugs
• Distribution of drugs
• Safe administration of drugs
• Rational use of drugs
• Labelling, including cautionary labelling
• Recall of drugs
• Reporting of drug product defects

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Storage

• Products should be stored Batch wise and Product
  wise on raised platforms.
• The storage should not hinder the cleaning and
  should have sufficient space for movement of
  stocks and handling.
• Products are to be stored in a manner that
  prevents damage due to excessive vertical
  stacking heights as per Manufacturers
  Instructions and in no case not to exceed eight
  stacks.

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Storage

• The products must not get exposed to direct
  sunlight, rain etc.
• Store the products as per product storage
  condition (As per label) to prevent deterioration
  of finished product on storage.
• Monitor and record the temperature of storage
  area on daily basis.

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Storage Premises

• The Storage area must be free from unsanitary
  conditions(Ex Rodents, insects, Birds, litter
  etc).
• The floor of the warehouse should be made of hard
  floor (Concrete /Kota/Epoxy) and must be in a
  good state of repair and appearance at all times.
  
• The floors are kept clean and free of trash,
  dirt, sippage water, drain water etc.
• The area must be kept clean and free of refuse.

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Storage Premises

• The area used for storage of IV fluids should
  have adequate space and to prevent exposure to
  direct sunlight.
• Secured area availability for damaged, rejected
  and expired goods.
• Ensure adequate pest control program in place and
  shall be carried out at a minimum frequency of a
  year.
• The Pest control shall cover treatment for
  Termite and Rodents.

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Drug expiry

• Shelf life- the time where a given product stored
  under reasonable condition, is expected to remain
  stable (gt90potency)
• Essential drugs- drugs that satisfy the health
  care needs of the majority of the population.
• Essential drugs should there fore available at
  all times in adequate amounts in appropriate
  dosage forms at a price the individual the
  community afford

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Expiry dates

• Medications must not be administered, and
  products and equipment must not be used beyond
  their expiry dates.
• Cleaning and sterilizing reusable equipment.
• All medical equipment, dressings and solutions
  used during invasive procedures must be sterile.
• All medical equipment such as drip stands,
  mechanical and electronic infusion devices etc

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Expiry dates

• Cleaning should be followed by disinfection, if
  necessary, in line with local policy.
• Sterilisation and disinfection solutions must be
  in accordance with manufacturers guidelines.
• Disinfection solutions must be bactericidal,
  virucidal, fungicidal, sporicidal and
  tuberculocidal.
• Single-use devices are meant for single use only
  and must not be re-used.

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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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Drug Storage
1. Proper drug storage 2. Storage
Environment 3. Arrangement of drugs on
shelves 4. The storeroom 5. The dispensary
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Proper drug storage

• Drugs are stored in a specially designed secure
  area or space of a building in order to
• Avoid contamination or deterioration,
• Avoid disfiguration of labels,
• Maintain integrity of packaging and so guarantee
  quality and potency of drugs during shelf life,
• Prevent or reduce pilferage, theft or losses,
• Prevent infestation of pests and vermin.

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Storage Environment

• The storage environment should possess the
  following
• Adequate temperature,
• Sufficient lighting,
• Clean conditions,
• Humidity control,
• Cold storage facilities,
• Adequate shelving to ensure integrity of the
  stored drugs.

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Arrangement of drugs on shelves

• Shelves should be made of steel or treated wood.
• Shelves should be strong and robust.
• Drugs are arranged in alphabetical order of
  generic names.
• Each dosage form of drug is arranged in separate
  and distinct areas.
• Sufficient empty space should demarcate one drug
  or dosage form from another.

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Arrangement of drugs on shelves

• Most recently received drugs are placed behind
  old stock on the shelf except where new drugs
  have shorter expiration dates.
• Keep the environment clean.
• Always put lids properly on tins always and at
  the close of the day.

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Arrangement of drugs on shelves

• Put drugs in a dry place protected from light and
  heat.
• Store liquids on a pallet on the floor or on the
  lowest shelf.
• The store must be cleaned daily and mopped at
  least once a week.

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The storeroom

• A well-arranged store enables easy identification
  of drugs and saves time when picking a drug from
  the shelves.
• Put drugs on the shelves in alphabetical order
  corresponding to the essential drug list.
• This helps remove drugs quickly and makes for
  easy inventory control.

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The storeroom

• The rule of FIRST IN FIRST OUT (FIFO) should be
  applied always.
• So, drugs that were received first should be used
  first, except where the new stock has shorter
  expiration dates than the old stock.
• In this regard, the principle of FIRST TO EXPIRE
  FIRST OUT (FEFO) should apply.
• To have access to drugs with shorter expiration
  dates first, put these in front of the shelves.
• Those with longer expiration dates should be
  placed behind those with shorter dates.

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The dispensary

• Retain a daily drug use record in the dispensary.
• Provide a table for dispensing drugs.
• To facilitate work, do not overcrowd the
  dispensing table.
• Arrange documents in an orderly manner on the
  table, away from the dispensing area.

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The dispensary

• Clean after each use tablet counters and place
  within easy reach on the table.
• Avoid dispensing wrong drugs by arranging drugs
  on the table in alphabetical order so that the
  drug being dispensed is not confused with
  another.
• Always close drug containers from which drugs are
  not being dispensed to prevent spillage or
  dispensing the wrong drug.

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Classification of Drugs

• Allopathic Drugs The term "Allopathy" refers to
  the principle of curing a disease by
  administering substances that produce the
  opposite effect of the disease when given to a
  healthy human.
• Allopathic drugs can be further classified asA)
  Non Prescription Drugs Non Prescription Drugs
  are the drugs, which can be purchased from a
  pharmacy without the prescription of a doctor.
• Non prescription drugs are also called as
  Over-the-counter drugs (OTC drugs).

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Classification of Drugs

• Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs
• Topical Antibiotics
• Cough-Suppressants
• Anti-acne Drugs
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
• Antiseptics
• Analgesics
• Salicylates

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Classification of Drugs

• 9. Vasodilator
• 10. Antacids
• 11. Expectorants
• 12. Anti-fungal Drugs
• 13. Anti-Histamines
• 14. Antigas Agents
• 15. Smoking Cessation Drugs

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1. Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs

• Anti-Haemorrhoid Drugs are medicines that reduce
  the swelling and relieve the discomfort of
  haemorrhoids.
• Antihemorrhoid drugs are available as creams,
  ointments and suppositories.
• Most can be bought without a physician's
  prescription

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2. Topical Antibiotics

• Topical Antibiotics are medicines applied to the
  skin to kill bacteria.
• Topical Antibiotics helps in preventing
  infections caused by bacteria that get into minor
  cuts, scrapes, and burns.
• Treating minor wounds with Antibiotics allows
  quicker healing.
• If the wounds are left untreated, the bacteria
  will multiply, causing pain, redness, swelling,
  itching, and oozing.

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3. Cough-Suppressants

• Cough Suppressants are medicines that prevent or
  stop coughing.
• Cough Suppressants act on the center in the brain
  that controls the cough reflex.
• They are meant to be used only to relieve dry,
  hacking coughs associated with colds and flu.
• They should not be used to treat coughs that
  bring up mucus or the chronic coughs associated
  with smoking, Asthma, Emphysema or other lung
  problems.

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4. Anti-acne Drugs

• Anti-acne drugs are medicines that help clear up
  pimples, black heads, white heads, and more
  severe forms of acne.
• Different types of anti-acne drugs are used for
  different purposes.
• For example, lotions, soaps, gels, and creams
  containing benzoyl peroxide or tretinoin may be
  used to clear up mild to moderately severe acne.
• Isotretinoin is prescribed only for very severe,
  disfiguring acne.

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5. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are
  medicines that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness,
  and inflammation.
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
  are prescribed for a variety of painful
  conditions, including Arthritis, Bursitis,
  Tendinitis, Gout, sprains, strains, and other
  injuries.
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs relieve
  pain, stiffness, swelling, and inflammation, but
  they do not cure the diseases or injuries
  responsible for these problems.

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6. Antiseptics

• Antiseptics are medicines that slow or stop the
  growth of germs and help prevent infections in
  minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
• Antiseptics are applied to the skin to keep
  bacteria from getting into wounds and causing
  infection.
• Although Antiseptics do not usually kill
  bacteria, they do weaken them and slow their
  growth.

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6. Antiseptics

• Simply applying an Antiseptic to a wound is not
  adequate treatment.
• The wound should be cleaned first and in most
  cases it should be covered with a bandage or
  other type of dressing to keep it clean and moist
  while it heals.
• However, some Antiseptics, such as Phenol, can
  damage the skin if the wound is covered after
  they are applied.

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7. Analgesics

• Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain.
• Analgesics are prescribed to relieve pain of all
  sorts - headaches, backaches, joint pain, sore
  muscles and pain that results from surgery,
  injury or illness.
• Among the most common Analgesics are Aspirin,
  Choline Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate and
  Sodium Salicylate.

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7. Analgesics

• Ibuprofen, Naproxen Sodium and Ketoprofen are all
  in the general category known as Non-Steroidal
  Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
• NSAIDs relieve pain and also reduce inflammation.
• Another common analgesic, Acetaminophen provides
  pain relief but does not reduce inflammation.

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8. Salicylates

• Salicylates are medicines that relieve pain and
  reduce fever.
• Aspirin belongs to group include Sodium
  Salicylate, Choline Salicylate, and Magnesium
  Salicylate.
• Aspirin is used to relieve many kinds of minor
  aches and pains-headaches, toothaches, muscle
  pain, menstrual cramps, the joint pain from
  arthritis, and aches associated with colds and
  flu.
• Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.

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9. Vasodilator

• Vasodilators are medicines that act directly on
  muscles in blood vessel walls to make blood
  vessels widen (dilate).
• Vasodilators are used to treat high blood
  pressure (hypertension).
• By widening the arteries, these drugs allow blood
  to flow through more easily, reducing blood
  pressure.

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10. Antacids

• Antacids are medicines that neutralize stomach
  acid.
• Antacids are used to relieve acid indigestion,
  upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn.
• Some antacid products also contain the ingredient
  Simethicone to relieve gas.
• Antacids are taken by mouth and work by
  neutralizing excess stomach acid.
• Antacids contain ingredients such as Aluminum
  Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium
  Hydroxide, and Sodium Bicarbonate, alone or in
  various combinations.

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11. Expectorants

• Expectorants are drugs that loosen and clear
  mucus and phlegm from the respiratory tract.
• Guaifenesin is an ingredient in many cough
  medicines, such as anti--Tuss, Dristan Cold
  Cough, Guaifed, GuaiCough, and some Robitussin
  products.
• Some products that contain guaifenesin are
  available only with a physician's prescription
  others can be bought without a prescription.
• They come in several forms, including capsules,
  tablets, and liquids.

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12. Anti-fungal Drugs

• Fungi cause fungal infections.
• These fungi surround us and frequently land on
  our skin and are inhaled into our lungs.
• Many fungi are harmless, some cause minor and
  irritating infections while a few can cause much
  more severe infections.
• People with compromised immune systems, such as
  AIDS and cancer patients, may be more susceptible
  to fungal infections than others.
• Anti-fungal drugs are used to treat fungal
  infections.

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13. Anti-Histamines

• Antihistamines are drugs that block the action of
  histamine (a compound released in allergic
  inflammatory reactions) at the H1 receptor sites,
  responsible for immediate hypersensitivity
  reactions such as sneezing and itching.
• By inhibiting the activity of histamine, they can
  reduce capillary fragility, which produces the
  erythema, or redness, associated with allergic
  reactions.
• They will also reduce histamine-induced
  secretions, including excessive tears and
  salivation.

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14. Antigas Agents

• Antigas Agents are medicines that relieve the
  uncomfortable symptoms of too much gas in the
  stomach and intestines.
• Antigas agents help relieve the symptoms by
  preventing the formation of gas pockets and
  breaking up gas that already is trapped in the
  stomach and intestines.
• Antigas agents are sold as capsules, liquids, and
  tablets (regular and chewable) and can be bought
  without a physician's prescription.

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15. Smoking Cessation Drugs

• Smoking-cessation Drugs are medicines that help
  people stop smoking cigarettes or using other
  forms of tobacco.
• People who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of
  tobacco often have a difficult time when they try
  to stop.
• Most Smoking-Cessation products contain nicotine,
  but the Nicotine is delivered in small, steady
  doses spread out over many hours.

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15. Smoking Cessation Drugs

• Smoking Cessation Drugs that contain Nicotine are
  also called Nicotine Substitution products or
  Nicotine Replacement therapy.
• Smoking Cessation Drugs come in four
  forms-chewing gum, skin patch, nasal spray, and
  inhaler.
• Another type of Smoking Cessation drug, Bupropion
  (Zyban) also reduces craving and withdrawal
  symptoms, but it contains no Nicotine.

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Calendar of Drugs
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THANK YOUE-mail nanjwadebk_at_gmail.comCell No,
0091-9742431000