Ch. 17 : Biological Communities

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Ch. 17 Biological Communities

• By Brianna Shields
• March 24, 2006

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List the terms in your vocab notebook, leaving
about 3-4 spaces between each term

• Coevolution
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Secondary Compound
• Symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Competition
• Niche
• Fundamental Niche
• Realized Niche

• Competitive Exclusion
• Biodiversity
• Climate
• Biome
• Littoral Zone
• Limnetic Zone
• Profundal Zone
• Plankton

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DO NOW

• Which cycle requires the nutrient to be released
  into the soil by dissolving rock?
• Which food chain member possesses the greatest
  amount of available energy?
• Which member of a food web is considered to be a
  primary consumer?

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GOALS

• Describe coevolution
• Predict how coevolution can affect interactions
  between species
• Identify the distinguishing features of symbiotic
  relationships
• Describe the role of competition in shaping the
  nature of communities
• Distinguish between fundamental and realized
  niches
• Describe how competition affects an ecosystem
• Summarize the importance of biodiversity
• Recognize the role of climate in determining the
  nature of a biological community
• Describe how elevation and latitude affect the
  distribution of the Earths major biomes
• Compare features of plants and animals found in
  different biomes
• Compare and contrast the major freshwater and
  marine habitats

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Biological Communities

• Coevolution

• Back and forth evolutionary adjustments between
  interacting members of an ecosystem

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Coevolution

• Example
• flower adaptations appeared promoting the
  dispersal of their pollen
• adaptations appeared in pollinators allowing them
  to obtain food from the flowers theyre
  pollinating

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Biological Communities

• Predation

• Act of one organism killing another for food

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Predation Example

• Ex snake eating a mouse
• Ex spider eating a an insect

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Biological Communities

• Parasitism

• One organism lives in or on another
• One benefits, host is harmed
• Ex lice, ticks, mosquitoes

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Biological Communities

• Plant Defenses

• Difficult for plants to escape from, avoid or
  fight off predators
• Use thorns, spines, prickles
• Secondary Compounds- defense chemicals
• Distasteful to other species
• Advertise toxicity
• Ex Mustard Oils

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Plant Defenses Example

• Although mustard oils secondary compounds are
  toxic to most insects, cabbage butterfly larvae
  can break the oils down digest them

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Biological Communities

• Symbiosis

• Close, long-term relationship between organisms

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Biological Communities

• Mutualism

• Both species benefit

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Mutualism Example

• Ants Aphids
• Aphids suck sugar fluids from plants
• Honey dew exiting their aphid anus is milked by
  ants
• Ants guard the aphids from predators

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Biological Communities

• Commensalism

• One species benefits, other is unharmed

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Commensalism

• Tropical fish and sea anemones
• Fish hide in are protected by sea anemones (fish
  are immune to their stinging cells)
• Sea anemones sting many other types of fish

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Assessment

• Explain why predator-prey coevolution can be
  described as an arms race.
• Is the relationship between a plant and its
  pollinator mutualistic? Why or why not?
• In a relationship that is an example of
  commensalism, would the species that is neither
  helped or harmed evolve in response to the other
  species? Defend your answer.
• In Japan, native honeybees have an effective
  defense strategy against giant Japanese hornets.
  Imported European honeybees, however, are unable
  to defend themselves. Use this example to
  illustrate the results of natural selection in
  adaptation.

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Competition

• Biological interaction that results when two
  species use the same resources
• Food
• Nesting Sites
• Living Space
• Light
• Nutrients
• Water

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Niche

• Function of a species in the ecosystem (job or
  pattern of living)
• How the species contributes to energy flow in the
  ecosystem
• Overlapping niches competition
• Space utilization
• Food consumption
• Temperature range
• Mating factors

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Niche

• Jaguar feeds on mammals, fish and turtles

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Fundamental Niche

• Entire range of resource opportunities an
  organism can potentially occupy

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Fundamental Niche

• Ex Cape May Warbler
• Summers in North Eastern U.S. and Canada
• Nest in midsummer
• Eats small insects
• Searches for food high atop Spruce

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Realized Niche

• Part of a fundamental niche that a species
  occupies
• May only occupy a part because it divides up
  resources with potential competitors
• Competition can limit how species use resources

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Realized Niche

• Cape May Warblers can feed on insects all over a
  Spruce Tree, but they stay mainly at the top.
• Remaining portions of the Spruce are divided
  among its potential competitors

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Competitive Exclusion

• Elimination of a competing species
• Species using resources more efficiently will
  eliminate the other

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Competitive Exclusion

• Small paramecium compete with larger paramecium
  because the have similar niches
• Larger ones are driven to extinction, because
  smaller ones are resistant to bacterial waste
  products

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Coexistence of Competitors

• If the niches of two potentially competitive
  species dont overlap too much, coexistence can
  occur

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Coexistence of Competitors

• 2 paramecium that potentially compete, have the
  same fundamental niche (living in a culture tube)
• They have different realized niches
• One better living at top due to high oxygen and
  bacteria to feed on
• Other better living at bottom due to low oxygen
  and high concentration of yeast to feed on

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Predation

• Predation reduces competition and increases
  biodiversity
• Biodiversity- variety of living organisms in a
  community

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Predation and Competition

• Sea Stars are fierce predators
• When removed from an intertidal community, the
  number of prey such as clams and mussels declined
• Normally mussels easily outcompete all other
  types of prey species for space on rocks
• Seas stars keep mussel populations low by
  prohibiting them from outcompeting similar species

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How Competition Shapes Communities

• Biodiversity

• Increased biodiversity leads to greater
  productivity and greater stability

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Biodiversity

• Prairie plots with more plant species produced
  greater amounts of plant material and recovered
  from drought quicker than plots with fewer plant
  species

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Assessment

• Distinguish between niche and habitat
• Describe the conclusions reached by Connell and
  Paine about how competition affects ecosystems
• Describe how Tilmans prairie- plot experiments
  demonstrate the effects of biodiversity on
  productivity and stability.
• Can an organisms realized niche be larger than
  its fundamental niche? Justify your answer.
• A scientist finds no evidence that species in a
  community are competing and concludes that
  competition never played a role in the
  development of this community. Is this
  conclusion valid? Why?
• When two species use the same resource, one
  species may drive the other to extinction. What
  is this phenomenon called?

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Major Biological Communities

• Climate

• Prevailing weather conditions in any given area
• 1. Temperature
• Optimal ranges for certain species
• Influences growing season
• 2. Moisture
• Rainfall patterns determines areas lifeforms
• Moisture holding ability of air increases with
  temperature

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Major Biological Communities

• Biome

• Major biological community occurring over a large
  area of land
• Soil Type
• Wind
• Temperature
• Precipitation

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Major Biological Communities

• Biome

• As latitude and elevation increase
• Temperature decreases
• Moisture holding ability of air decreases

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Major Biological Communities

• Tropical Rainforest

• Great amount of rainfall
• High biodiversity
• High primary productivity
• Poor soil

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Major Biological Communities

• Savannas

• Dry grasslands
• Low precipitation
• Seasonal drought
• Open landscape, few trees

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Major Biological Communities

• Taiga

• Long, cold winters
• Coniferous trees
• Large mammals
• Covers vast areas

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Major Biological Communities

• Tundra

• Covers 1/5 of Earths land
• Low precipitation
• Frozen water
• Permafrost ground

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Major Biological Communities

• Desert

• Low precipitation
• Sparse vegetation
• Interiors of continents

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Major Biological Communities

• Temperate Grasslands

• Rich, prairie grass
• Interior of North America
• Highly productive agriculture
• Deep, fertile soil

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Major Biological Communities

• Temperate Deciduous Forest

• Mild climate (warm summers, cold winters)
• Plentiful rain
• Leaf-shedding trees
• Eastern U.S.

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Major Biological Communities

• Temperate Evergreen Forest

• Quite dry
• Evergreen growth (pines)

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Major Biological Communities

• Freshwater

• Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams
• 2 of Earths surface
• Zones
• Littoral- shallow, shore water
• Limnetic- farther from shore, near surface
• Profundal- deep water, low light

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Major Biological Communities

• Wetlands

• Marshes, Bogs, Swamps
• Water-tolerant plants
• High biodiversity
• Endangered by human disruption

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Major Biological Communities

• Shallow Ocean

• Small area
• Large numbers of species
• Intertidal zone
• Coral reefs
• Home to great fisheries

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Major Biological Communities

• Surface of Open Ocean

• Plankton drift freely in upper sea waters
• Those that are photosynthetic 40 of worlds
  oxygen
• Rich with bacteria, algae, fish larva, small
  invertebrates

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Major Biological Communities

• Deep Ocean

• Total darkness
• Cold
• Great pressure
• Bizzare invertebrates and fish
• High diversity

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Assessment

• Describe the relationship between climate and
  location of species
• Compare the tolerance to lack of water needed by
  plants and animals in savannas and tropical rain
  forests.
• Why cant photosynthesis occur in the deepest
  parts of the ocean or in a deep lake?
• The equator passes across the country of Ecuador.
  But the climate there can range from hot and
  humin to cool and dry. What might explain this?
• In which biome would you most likely find plants
  that are adapted to infertile soils and fairly
  constant, plentiful precipitation?