Geography

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Geography

• Essential Knowledge

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Latitude Lines of latitude, or parallels,
circle the earth parallel to the Equator and
measure the distance north or south of the
Equator in degrees. The Equator is measured at 0
latitude, while the Poles lie at latitudes 90
N (north) and 90 S (south). Parallels north of
the Equator are called north latitude, and
parallels south of the Equator are called south
latitude.
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Longitude Lines of longitude, or meridians,
circle the earth from Pole to Pole. These lines
measure distances east or west of the starting
line, which lies at 0 longitude and is called
the Prime Meridian. By international agreement,
the Prime Meridian is the line of longitude that
runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich,
England. Places east of the Prime Meridian are
known as east longitude, and places west of the
Prime Meridian are known as west longitude.
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The Global Grid Every place has a global
address, also called its absolute location (see
page 9 of your textbook). You can identify the
absolute location of a place by naming the
longitude and latitude lines that cross exactly
at that place. For example, the city of Tokyo,
Japan, is located at 36ºN latitude and 140ºE
longitude. For more precise readings, each
degree of latitude and longitude is subdivided
into 60 units called minutes.
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Common Map Projections
Geographic Information Systems
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Reading a Map 2
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
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Reading a Map 4
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Reading a Map 6
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
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Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Graphs

• A graph is a visual presentation of information.
• There are many kinds of graphs, each suitable for
  certain purposes.
• Most graphs show two sets of data, one displayed
  along the vertical axis and the other displayed
  along the horizontal axis.
• Labels on these axes identify the data being
  displayed.

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Line Graphs A line graph shows changes in two
variables, or changing sets of circumstances
over periods of time. To analyze data on a line
graph, study the changes and trends as shown by
the line. Then draw conclusions based on the
information. This line graph shows U.S.
population growth between 1900 and 2000. The
vertical axis lists population, and the
horizontal axis indicates the passage of time.
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Bar Graphs A bar graph shows comparisons. To
analyze a bar graph, note the differences in
quantities. Then make generalizations or draw
conclusions based on the data. This bar graph
shows lumber production among the top five
lumber-producing countries in the world. The
vertical axis shows the amount of lumber produced.
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Circle Graphs A circle graph, or pie graph,
shows the relationship of parts to a whole.
Percentages are indicated by relative size and
sometimes by color. To analyze a circle graph,
study the relationships of areas to one another
and to the whole. This circle graph shows the
land areas of the worlds continents and other
landmasses, such as islands, expressed as
percentages of Earths total landmass.
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Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Charts and Tables
Data are arranged in columns and rows in a chart
or table. Charts and tables display facts in an
organized manner and make comparisons easy. To
find key information in a chart or table, look
for the intersections of columns and rows. ?
The table on the following slide displays
information about the population and land area of
the worlds continents.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
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Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Charts and Tables
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
A. location B. absolute location C. hemisphere D.
grid system E. relative location F. place G. regio
n H. formal region I. functional
region J. perceptual region K. ecosystem L. moveme
nt M. humanenvironment interaction
__ 1. the study of human activities and their
relationship to the cultural and physical
environments __ 2. a particular space with
physical and human meaning __ 3. the exact
position of a place on the earths surface __
4. the complex community of interdependent living
things in a given environment __ 5. ongoing
movement of people, goods, and ideas
M F B K L
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
A. location B. absolute location C. hemisphere D.
grid system E. relative location F. place G. regio
n H. formal region I. functional
region J. perceptual region K. ecosystem L. moveme
nt M. humanenvironment interaction
__ 6. half of a sphere or globe, as in the
earths Northern and Southern Hemispheres __
7. a region defined by popular feelings and
images rather than by objective data __ 8. a
central point and the surrounding territory
linked to it __ 9. a specific place on the earth
__ 10. a region defined by a common
characteristic, such as production of a product
C J I A H
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
A. location B. absolute location C. hemisphere D.
grid system E. relative location F. place G. regio
n H. formal region I. functional
region J. perceptual region K. ecosystem L. moveme
nt M. humanenvironment interaction
__ 11. pattern formed as the lines of latitude
and longitude cross one another __ 12. place
united by specific characteristics __
13. location in relation to other places
D G E
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The Geographers Craft
Terms to Know

• physical geography ?
• human geography ?
• meteorology ?
• cartography ?
• geographic information systems (GIS)

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Branches of Geography

• Physical geography focuses on the study of
  Earths physical features. ?
• Human geography, or cultural geography, studies
  human activities and their relationship to the
  environment.

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Geographers at Work

• Direct Observation Going to a geographic
  location to see what it is like is direct
  observation
• Mapping Cartographers are people who design and
  make mapsgraphic representations of places and
  regions and more complicated information about
  the relationships of people, places, and things.

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Geographers at Work (cont.)

• Interviewing Cultural geographers often
  interview the people whose activities they study.
  ?
• Interviewing Cultural geographers often
  interview the people whose activities they study.
  ?
• Technology Geographers use advanced
  technologysatellite photos, radar, and
  geographic information systems (GIS)to study the
  environment, the weather, and human settlement
  patterns.

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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. the science of mapmaking __ 2. the study
of human activities and their relationship to the
cultural and physical environments __
3. computer tools for processing and organizing
details and satellite images with other pieces of
information __ 4. the study of weather and
weather forecasting __ 5. the study of Earths
physical features
A. physical geography B. human
geography C. meteorology D. cartography E. geogra
phicinformationsystems (GIS)
D B E C A
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of
the following sentences.
absolute location cartography ecosystem formal
region grid system human geography physical
geography relative location geographic
information systems (GIS)
1. Plants and animals depend on one another in
a(n) ___________________. 2. Geographers use a(n)
___________________ formed by lines of latitude
and longitude to determine ___________________ .
ecosystem
grid system
absolute location
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of
the following sentences.
absolute location cartography ecosystem formal
region grid system human geography physical
geography relative location geographic
information systems (GIS)
3. ___________________ is the study of the human
aspects of geography. 4. A(n) ___________________
has boundaries determined by a common
characteristic. 5. Another name for mapmaking is
_____________.
Human geography
formal region
cartography
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of
the following sentences.
absolute location cartography ecosystem formal
region grid system human geography physical
geography relative location geographic
information systems (GIS)
6. ________________ is expressed in relation to
other places. 7. Computer tools that process data
and satellite images with other pieces of
geographic information are called
________________________________.
Relative location
geographic information systems (GIS)
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of
the following sentences.
absolute location cartography ecosystem formal
region grid system human geography physical
geography relative location geographic
information systems (GIS)
8. _________________ focuses on the study of the
earths physical features.
Physical geography
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Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the places and
physical features of the earth.
__1. North America __2. South America __3. Africa
__4. Asia __5. Europe __6. Antarctica __7. Austral
ia __8. Atlantic Ocean __9. Indian
Ocean __10. Pacific Ocean
B A D E C G F I H J
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Use the circle graph below and your knowledge of
geography to answer the following questions.
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1. Which ocean covers the smallest area of the
earths surface? A Atlantic B Indian C
Pacific D Arctic
TestTaking Tip Study the information shown on
the circle graph for the areas of the earth
covered by land and by oceans. Then compare the
relative sizes of the different graph segments.
By comparing the segments you will be able to
determine the correct answers.
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2. Which ocean covers about as much of the
earths surface as land does? F Indian
H Arctic G Pacific J Atlantic
TestTaking Tip Study the information shown on
the circle graph for the areas of the earth
covered by land and by oceans. Then compare the
relative sizes of the different graph segments.
By comparing the segments you will be able to
determine the correct answers.
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