Biological

1
Biological Psychological Theories

• Deviance as Pathology

2
Biological Pathology

• 1876, Cesare Lombroso The Criminal Man
• "atavistic anomalies"
• Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s)
• Benjamin Rush (1785) disease model of alcoholism
• Body Types

3
Key Elements of Pathological Reasoning

• Determinism
• Positivism
• Organismic Dysfunction/Infection

4
Body Types

• Earnest Hooten

5
Body Types

• William Sheldon

6
Body Types (Sheldon, contd)

• Endomorph

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Body Types (Sheldon, contd)

• Ectomorph

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Body Types (Sheldon, contd)

• Mesomorph

9
Eugenics

• Richard Dugdale
• The Jukes A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease
  and Heredity (1877)
• Margaret Jukes, The Mother of Criminals

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Eugenics

• Henry Goddard
• The Kallikak Family A Study in the Heredity of
  Feeble-Mindedness (1912)

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Eugenics Feeblemindedness

• Kallikak family tree http//psychclassics.yorku.ca
  /Goddard/chart2.gif

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Xyy Syndrome

• Xx ? female
• Xy ? male
• Xxy ? Klinefelters syndrome
• Low masculinity
• 1961, Patricia Jacobs
• Xyy ? Supermale syndrome
• NIMH study no

13
Psychological Pathology

• Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis
• id, ego, superego
• developmental stages
• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic

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Psychological Pathology

• The Psychopath (Sociopath)
• Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity
• Problems with psychological explanations
• Causal logic
• Circularity
• Sample
• Over-determinism
• Little predictive value

15
Applications Controlling Deviance

• Sterilization
• Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office)
• Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914
• By 1914, 12 states
• By 1924, 3,000 sterilized

"...At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls
of the meeting room with photographs taken at
Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that
read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future
American Population.'"
16
Applications

• 1924, Virginia Eugenical Sterilization Act
• Carrie Buck (17, single mom)
• James Bell (Supt, VA State Colony for Epileptics
  Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized)
• Arthur Estabrook
• Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office
• Upheld by Circuit Court
• Upheld by Supreme Court
• O. W. Holmes
• 3 generations of imbeciles are enough

17
Applications

• By 1935 28 states, 6 pending
• Between 1907-1935 21,359 involuntary
  sterilizations in the U.S.
• 1936 Laughlins honorary degree
• University of Heidelberg
• For his work in the science of racial cleansing

18
Applications

• 1942 Skinner v. Oklahoma
• Chicken thief armed robbery
• To U.S. Supreme Court
• William O. Douglas violates equal protection
• 14th amendment
• OK law Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an
  embezzler
• Sterilization contd through 1970s
• 60,000
• Buck v. Bell never overturned

19
Applications

• Psychosurgery
• Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892)
• Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)

20
Applications

• Walter Freeman James Watt (U.S., 1950)
• Ice-Pick Lobotomy
• 1967 last surgery
• Stripped of license

21
Applications

• Freeman performing a lobotomy
• Howard Dullys surgery

22
Applications

• Howard Dully, 2005
• Bus driver in California

23
Evaluation

• Biological Psychological Pathology
• Good Intentions
• Ignores choice
• Ignores social factors
• Dubious claims to moral neutrality